Editing Secret Societies

[[Category:Secret Societies]]

A secret society is a club or an organization whose activities, events, inner functioning, or membership are concealed. The society may or may not attempt to conceal its existence. The term usually excludes covert groups, such as intelligence agencies or guerrilla warfare insurgencies, that hide their activities and memberships but maintain a public presence.


== Definitions ==

The exact qualifications for labeling a group a secret society are disputed, but definitions generally rely on the degree to which the organization insists on secrecy, and might involve the retention and transmission of secret knowledge, the denial of membership or knowledge of the group, the creation of personal bonds between members of the organization, and the use of secret rites or rituals which solidify members of the group.

Anthropologically and historically, secret societies have been deeply interlinked with the concept of the Männerbund, the all-male "warrior-band" or "warrior-society" of pre-modern cultures (see H. Schurtz, Alterklassen und Männerbünde, Berlin, 1902; A. Van Gennep, The Rites of Passage, Chicago, 1960).

A purported "family tree of secret societies" has been proposed, although it may not be comprehensive.[3]

[[Alan Axelrod]], author of the International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders,[4] defines a secret society as an organization that:

    is exclusive
    claims to own special secrets
    shows a strong inclination to favor its members.

Historian [[Richard B. Spence]] [5] of the University of Idaho offered a similar three-pronged definition:

    The group's existence is usually not kept secret, but some beliefs or practices are concealed from the public and require an oath of secrecy and loyalty to learn.
    The group promises superior status or knowledge to members.
    The group's membership is in some way restrictive, such as by race, sex, religious affiliation, or invitation only.

Spence also proposes a sub-category of "Elite Secret Societies" (composed of high-income or socially influential people), and notes that secret societies have a frequent if not universal tendency towards factionalism, infighting and claiming origins older than can be reliably documented. Spence's definition includes groups traditionally thought of as secret societies ([[Freemasons]] and [[Rosicrucians]]) and other groups not so traditionally classified such as certain organized crime cabals (the Mafia), religious groups (Order of Assassins and Thelema) and political movements (Bolsheviks and Black Dragon Society).

[[David V. Barrett]], author of [[Secret Societies: From the Ancient and Arcane to the Modern and Clandestine]], has used alternative terms to define what qualifies a secret society. He defined it as any group that possesses the following characteristics:

    It has "carefully graded and progressed teachings".
    Teachings are "available only to selected individuals".
    Teachings lead to "hidden (and 'unique') truths".
    Truths bring "personal benefits beyond the reach and even the understanding of the uninitiated."

Barrett goes on to say that "a further characteristic common to most of them is the practice of rituals which non-members are not permitted to observe, or even to know the existence of." Barrett's definition would rule out many organizations called secret societies; graded teaching is usually not part of the American college fraternities, the Carbonari, or the 19th-century Know Nothings.[citation needed]

Historian [[Jasper Ridley]] argues that Freemasonry is, "the world's most powerful secret Society."[6]

The organisation "[[Opus Dei]]" (Latin for "Work of God") is portrayed as a "secret society"[7][8][9] of the Catholic Church. Critics such as the Jesuit Wladimir Ledóchowski sometimes refer to Opus Dei as a Catholic (or Christian or "white") form of [[Freemasonry]].[10][11][12][13][14] Other critics label [[Opus Dei]] as "[[Holy Mafia]]"[15] or "[[Santa Mafia]]"[16] as the organisation is connected with various questionable practices including intense "brainwashing" of its members to exploit labor force[17] as well as the direct involvement of members in severe crimes such as baby-trafficking[18] in Spain under the dictator [[Francisco Franco]].

== Realms ==

=== Politics ===

Because some secret societies have political aims, they are illegal in several countries. Italy (Constitution of Italy, Section 2, Articles 13–28) and Poland,[19] for example, ban secret political parties and political organizations in their constitutions.
Colleges and universities
See also: Collegiate secret societies in North America

Many student societies established on university campuses in the United States have been considered secret societies. Perhaps one of the most famous secret collegiate societies is Skull and Bones at Yale University.[20] The influence of undergraduate secret societies at colleges such as Harvard College, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Emory University, the University of Chicago,[21] the University of Virginia, Georgetown University, New York University,[22] and Wellesley College has been publicly acknowledged, if anonymously and circumspectly, since the 19th century.[23][24]

British Universities, too, have a long history of secret societies or quasi-secret societies, such as The Pitt Club at Cambridge University,[25][26] Bullingdon Club at Oxford University,[26] and the 16' Club at St David's College.[27] Another British secret society is the Cambridge Apostles, founded as an essay and debating society in 1820. Not all British Universities host solely academic secret societies, for both The Night Climbers of Cambridge and The Night Climbers of Oxford require both brains and brawn.

In France, Vandermonde is the secret society of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers.[28]

Notable examples in Canada include Episkopon at the University of Toronto's Trinity College, and the Society of Thoth at the University of British Columbia.[citation needed]

Secret societies are disallowed in a few colleges. The Virginia Military Institute has rules that no cadet may join a secret society,[29] and secret societies have been banned at Oberlin College from 1847[30] to the present,[31] and at Princeton University since the beginning of the 20th century.

Confraternities in Nigeria are secret-society like student groups within higher education. The exact death toll of confraternity activities is unclear. One estimate in 2002 was that 250 people had been killed in campus cult-related murders in the previous decade,[32] while the Exam Ethics Project lobby group estimated that 115 students and teachers had been killed between 1993 and 2003.[33]

The Mandatory Monday Association is thought to operate out of a variety of Australian universities including the [[Australian Defence Force Academy]]. The Association has numerous chapters that meet only on Mondays to discuss business and carry out rituals.[34]

The only secret society abolished and then legalized is that of [[The Philomaths]],[35] which is nowadays a legitimate academic association founded on a strict selection of its members.
Internet

While their existence had been speculated for years, internet-based secret societies first became known to the public in 2012 when the secret society known as Cicada 3301 began recruiting from the public via internet-based puzzles.[36][37] The goals of the society remain unknown, but it is believed that they are involved in cryptography.[38][39]

== By location ==

Asia

A Hongmen seal, 19th century.[40]

China

    Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)
    Red Spear Society
    Tiandihui, Society of the Heaven and the Earth
    Tong (organization)
    Yellow Sand Society
    White Lotus

Philippines

    La Liga Filipina
    KKK

Japan

    Black Dragon Society
    Double Leaf Society
    Gen'yōsha
    Green Dragon (order)
    Kenkokukai
    Sakurakai

Singapore

Further information: Secret societies in Singapore
Africa

Nigeria

    Abakuá
    Ekpe
    Nze na Ozo
    Ogboni

South Africa

    Afrikaner Broederbond

West African

    Crocodile Society
    Leopard Society
    Poro, a secret men's society
    Sande society, the female counterpart to the Poro society
    Simo (society)

Zimbabwe

    Nyau

Europe

Germany

    Illuminati
    Order of the New Templars
    Ordo Templi Orientis

Ireland

    Irish Republican Brotherhood
    The Defenders

Italy

    Propaganda Due

Serbia

    Black Hand

United Kingdom

* Bullingdon Club
* Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
* The 16' Club
* 5 Hertford Street

Pan-European

* Ancient Order of Freesmiths (Freischmiede)
* Freemasonry
* Rosicrucianism

North America

* Collegiate secret societies in North America

United States

* Bohemian Club
* Knights of the Golden Circle
* Order of the Star Spangled Banner
* Skull and Bones

South America

Brazil

* Shindo Renmei

== Opposition ==

Many Christian Churches forbid their members from joining secret societies. For example, ¶41 of the General Rules contained in Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection teaches:[41]

Further, by abstaining from membership in secret societies. We will on no account tolerate our ministers and members joining or holding fellowship with secret societies, as, in the judgment of The Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference), it is inconsistent with our duties to God to hold such relations.

    "Jesus answered him, I spake openly to the world; I ever taught in the synagogue, and in the temple, whither the Jews always resort; and in secret have I said nothing" (John 18:20).

   "Wherefore if they shall say unto you, Behold, he is in the desert; go not forth: behold, he is in the secret chambers; believe it not" (Matt. 24:26).

   "But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath: but let your yea be yea; and your nay, nay; lest ye fall into condemnation" (Jas. 5:12).

Also see Lev. 5:4, 5; Isa. 29:15; Matt. 5:34–36; John 3:19, 20; 2 Cor. 4:1, 2; 6:14–18; Eph. 5:11, 12; 1 John 4:2, 3.[41]

See also

* Fraternal order
* Magical organization

== References ==

* Alice Donlevy was the author of a book on illustration called "Practical Hints on the Art of Illumination," published by A. D. F. Randolph, New York, 1867
* Daraul, Arkon (6 November 2015). A History Of Secret Societies. Pickle Partners Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78625-613-3.
* Stevens (1899), p. vii.
* Checkmark Books (1998), ISBN 0816038716
* Spence, Richard B. The Real History of Secret Societies (2019), The Great Courses
* Jasper Ridley (2011). The Freemasons: A History of the World's Most Powerful Secret Society. Arcade. ISBN 978-1-61145-010-1. see also Jeffers, H. Paul. Freemasons: A History and Exploration of the World's Oldest Secret Society. (Citadel Press, 2005).
* Walsh, Michael. OPUS DEI: An Investigation into the Secret Society Struggling for Power within the Roman Catholic Church.
* Secret Society: Opus Dei - Catholicism's Secret Sect.
* Their Kingdom Come: Inside the Secret World of Opus Dei.
* "Beyond the Threshold". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
* Preston, Paul (1986). The triumph of democracy in Spain. London: Methuen. p. 28. ISBN 9780416900101. OCLC 14586560.
* Harding, Nick (2005). Secret societies. Edison, N.J.: Chartwell Books, Inc. p. 107. ISBN 9780785821700. OCLC 78244509.
* Hesse, Alexander (2015), Geheimbünde Freimaurer und Illuminaten, Opus Dei und Schwarze Hand (in German), Reinbek: Rowohlt Taschenbuch, p. 54, ISBN 9783499630491
* Augias, Corrado (2012), Die Geheimnisse des Vatikan : Eine andere Geschichte der Papststadt (in German) (1., neue Ausg ed.), München: Beck, C H, p. 415, ISBN 9783406630927
* Pilapil, Vicente R. (1971). "Opus Dei in Spain". The World Today. 27 (5): 211–221. ISSN 0043-9134. JSTOR 40394504.
* SPIEGEL, Peter Hertel, DER (7 April 2005). "Vatikan intern: Der Aufstieg der Santa Mafia". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 16 June 2021.
* "Opus dei members in court for 'brainwashing'".
* "On the trail of Spain's stolen children". EL PAÍS. 7 March 2011.
* "The Constitution of the Republic of Poland". 2 April 1997. "Article 13: Political parties and other organizations whose programs are based upon totalitarian methods and the modes of activity of nazism, fascism and communism, as well as those whose programs or activities sanction racial or national hatred, the application of violence for the purpose of obtaining power or to influence the State policy, or provide for the secrecy of their own structure or membership, shall be prohibited."
* [dead link]"Skull And Bones". The Secret Society Manual. thesecretbookgarden.com. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
* "To The Members of the University of Chicago". The University of Chicago Magazine. 5 (9): 298. July 1913.
* Megan Findling (3 November 2011). "Edgar Allan Poe in Greenwich Village" (article). Researching Greenwich Village History. greenwichvillagehistory.wordpress.com. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
* "Secret Societies. | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com.
* "Student Government at Wellesley and How It Makes for Loyalty among the College Girls and Faculty". The New York Times. 12 February 1912.
* Bowers, Mary (17 November 2006). "Pitt Club under pressure from Council" (PDF). Varsity. p. 5. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
* Gray, Kirsty (11 February 2011). "Oxford's Bully-ingdon Club faces more scandal". Varsity. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
* D.T.W. Price. A History of Saint David's University College, Lampeter. University of Wales Press, Cardiff. Volume One, to 1898 (ISBN 0-7083-0606-3)
* "Naissance de " Alexandre-Théophile Vandermonde ", mathématicien français – Espace " Sciences du Numérique " Alan Turing (LJAD – CNRS/UNS)". www.espace-turing.fr. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
* "Regulations for the Virginia Military Institute, Part II, Revised 5 December 2008, 12–16(b)". vmi.edu.
* Fletcher, Robert Samuel (1943). A History of Oberlin College from Its Foundation Through the Civil War. Oberlin College. "Revised codes were issued every few years, but not many important changes were made in them. Provisions with regard to the hours of 'athletic exercises and sport' were added in 1847. In the same revision there appeared for the first time the 'peculiar' Oberlin rule against secret societies. 'No student,' it runs, 'is permitted to join any secret society, or military company.'"
* Student Regulations, Policies, and Procedures, Oberlin College 2011–2012 (PDF). new.oberlin.edu. 2011. p. 34. D. Secret Societies: "No secret society is allowed at Oberlin, and no other societies or self-perpetuating organizations are allowed among students, except by permission of the faculty. This is to be understood to include social and rooming-house clubs."
* "NIGERIA: Focus on the menace of student cults", IRIN, 1 August 2002
* "Cults of violence", The Economist, 31 July 2008
* "IV. The Secret Societies", Omaha Secret Societies, Columbia University Press, 31 December 1969, pp. 58–132, doi:10.7312/fort92186-004, ISBN 9780231887458
* Arthur Morius Francis. Secret Societies. Vol. 3: The Collegiate Secret Societies of America. 2015 (file pdf).
* Bell, Chris (25 November 2013). "The internet mystery that has the world baffled". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
* Ernst, Douglas (26 November 2013). "Secret society seeks world's brightest: Recruits navigate 'darknet' filled with terrorism, drugs". The Washington Times. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
* NPR staff (5 January 2014). "The Internet's Cicada: A Mystery without an Answer". All Things Considered, National Public Radio. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
* Scott, Sam (16 December 2013). "Cicada 3301: The most elaborate and mysterious puzzle of the internet age". Metro. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
* Alexander Wylie: Secret Societies in China, in China Researches, p. 131, 1897 Shanghai, reprinted in US by Nabu Public Domain Reprints
* 
    The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference). Salem: Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection. 2014. pp. 20–21.

== Further reading ==

    Heckethorn, Charles William (1886). The Secret Societies of All Ages and Countries, Embracing the Mysteries of Ancient India, China, Japan, Egypt, Mexico, Peru, Greece, and Scandinavia, the Cabbalists, Early Christians, Heretics, Assassins, Thugs, Templars, the Vehm and Inquisition, Mystics, Rosicrucians, Illuminati, Freemasons, Skopzi, Camorristi, Carbonari, Nihilists, and Other Sects (2nd ed.). Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-1-4400-8999-2.
    Whalen, William Joseph (1966). Handbook of Secret Organizations. Milwaukee: Bruce Pub. Co. LCCN 66026658.
    Axelrod, Alan (1997). The International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0816023077.
    Harwood, W. S. (May 1897). "Secret Societies in America." The North American Review, vol. 164, no. 486. JSTOR 25118819.
    Hodapp, Christopher; Von Kannon, Alice (2008). Conspiracy Theories and Secret Societies For Dummies. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-18408-0.
    Ridley, Jasper (2011). The Freemasons: A History of the World's Most Powerful Secret Society. Arcade. ISBN 978-1-61145-010-1.
    Jeffers, H. Paul (2005). Freemasons: A History and Exploration of the World's Oldest Secret Society. Citadel Press.
    Jeffers, H. Paul (2006). The Freemasons in America: Inside the Secret Society. excerpt
    Jacob, Frank (2012). Geheimgesellschaften: Kulturhistorische Sozialstudien: Secret Societies: Comparative Studies in Culture, Society and History. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. ISBN 978-3826049088.
    Kloosterman, Jaap (2013). Secret Societies. Leibniz Institute of European History (IEG).
    Roberts, J. M. (John Morris) (1972). The Mythology of the Secret Societies. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-12904-3.
    Robbins, Alexandra (2004). Pledged: The Secret Life of Sororities. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8859-8.
    Stevens, Albert Clark (1899). The Cyclopædia of Fraternities. New York: Hamilton Printing & Publishing Company.
    Stephen Klimczuk, Gerald Warner (2009). Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies. New York: Sterling Publishing Company.

== External Links ==

    Secret Societies: a very short history – Documents of Freemasons, Jesuits, Illuminati, Carbonari, Burschenschaften and other organizations
    Stevens, The cyclopædia of fraternities (2nd ed.). A dated review of the subject.
    Secret Societies in Australia and English Freemasonry