Editing Conspiracy BBS Archive/cia info (section)

==CHAPTER FIVE==

A major requirement of covert operations over the years
has been that in the event something goes wrong, the
president, as head of state in the U.S., should be able to
believably deny any knowledge of the clandestine activity. 
This concept is known as plausible deniability and it has
been a cornerstone in the foundation of presidential
decisions to authorize covert operations.  The misconception
that plausible deniability is a valid method of concealing
U.S. involvement in covert activities has led to a number of
problems over the years.
     
The doctrine of plausible deniability led to many of the
widespread abuses of power that occurred in the CIA before
the Intelligence Reform Era in the mid-1970s.  It led the
agency to believe that CIA officers had a green light to
conduct almost any actions they saw fit to reach their goals. 
McGeorge Bundy, a former Special Assistant for National
Security Affairs to President's Kennedy and Johnson, has
stated:

While in principle it has always been the
understanding of senior government officials
outside the CIA that no covert operations would be
undertaken without the explicit approval of "higher
authority", there has also been a general
expectation within the Agency that it was proper
business to generate attractive proposals and to
stretch them, in operation, to the furthest limit
of any authorization actually received.


It is easy to see how this misperception on the part of
the CIA developed.  A president, hoping to pursue his goals,
would communicate his desire for a sensitive operation
indirectly, thereby creating sort of a "blank check".  CIA
officers, intending to carry out the wishes of the president,
would then set about furthering the expressed desires of the
Commander in Chief.  However, instead of informing the
president of the progress of the covert planning, the
officers would be tempted to keep him unaware of it, thereby
enabling him to "plausibly deny" any knowledge of the scheme.
     
Darrel Garwood, the author of a comprehensive work on CIA activities entitled Under Cover writes,

"Plausible deniability" could be regarded as one of
the most wretched theories ever invented.  Its
application...was based on the idea that in an
unholy venture a president could be kept so
isolated from events that when exposure came he
could truthfully emerge as shiningly blameless.  In
practice, whether he deserved it or not, a
president  almost always had to take the blame for
whatever happened.


Also, as the Senate Intelligence Committee pointed out about
plausible deniability, "this concept...has been expanded to
mask decisions of the President and his senior staff
members."
     
A recent example of how problems linked to this concept
can occur is the so-called "Iran-Contra Affair" which made
the headlines in late 1986 and earlier this year.  The fiasco
was an embarrassing illustration of the example which was
discussed above.  Although the CIA itself was not directly
implicated in the scandal, Colonel Oliver North and other
members of the government were discovered to have been
carrying out the aims of the President--by channeling funds
from arms sales to Iran to the Contras in Nicaragua--
supposedly without his knowledge.  Whether or not President
Reagan actually knew about the diversion of funds is unclear,
but in any event, top level planners of the operation
believed that the President would be able to plausibly deny
any knowledge of the diversion of funds.  However, because of
the intense scrutiny placed upon the operation by the media
and Congress, President Reagan was unable to convince them
and the country as a whole that he had no knowledge of the
diversion.  As the president and his men learned the hard
way, "inevitably, the truth prevails and policies pursued on
the premise that they could be plausibly denied in the end
damage America's reputation and the faith of her people in
their government".
     
One of the major reasons that the CIA has gone astray
over the last forty years is the veritable freedom from any
type of control or restriction that it has enjoyed.  Though
Congress investigated the activities of the Agency in 1975
and subsequently instituted more stringent oversight
procedures, the CIA of today is once again an agency that is
able to do almost as it pleases.  The strictures placed on
the CIA by the Ford and Carter Administrations were relaxed
in 1981 when Ronald Reagan took office.  To understand how
the Agency has become so omnipotent since 1947 will require a
look back to a time when the Agency really did as it pleased.
     
To get an idea of the characteristics of the men in the
Agency during its first three decades, we shall look at a
description of CIA case officers.

CIA men abroad were called case officers within the
organization.  As individuals, they were generally
efficient, dedicated, highly motivated and
incorruptible.  The trouble in the CIA was likely
to be that, for anything short of the meanest of
all-out wars, they were too highly motivated.  A
severe beating administered to a reluctant
informant, or the assassination of a would-be left-
wing dictator, could seem trivial to them in the
light of their goal of outscoring the nation's
potential enemies.  And naturally, until one
happened, they could not imagine a nationwide furor
over actions which to them seemed unimportant.


In a speech before the American Society of Newspaper Editors
in April, 1971, then DCI Richard Helms said, "The nation must
to a degree take it on faith that we too are honorable men,
devoted to her service."
     
CIA officials were not the only ones who believed that
the CIA could be trusted to carry out the objectives of the
United States Government.  The Agency had a number of
champions in the Congress of the United States as well. 
Feelings about the sanctity of sensitive information dealt
with by the Agency led to wide support for a laissez faire
policy in Congress regarding the CIA.  For example, Richard
Russell, the Democratic Senator from Georgia, once gave the
following explanation of why he led the fight against a
resolution to provide for closer Congressional surveillance
of the CIA.

Russell noted that the statement had been made on
the floor that the Armed Services subcommittee of
which he was a member had not revealed to the
country what it had learned about CIA operations.

"No, Mr. President," Russell said, "we have not
told the country, and I do not propose to tell the
country in the future, because if there is anything
in the United States which should be held sacred
behind the curtain of classified matter, it is
information regarding the activities of this
agency...It would be better to abolish it out of
hand than it would be to adopt a theory that such
information should be spread and made available to
every member of Congress and to the members of the
staff of any committee.


With such a powerful man and others like him on its side, it
is small wonder that the CIA got away with the things that it
did prior to 1975.
     
CIA officers cleverly played upon the fears of Congress
to consolidate the power of the Agency.  Former CIA director
Allen Dulles, speaking before a Congressional committee,
warned,

Any investigation, whether by a congressional
committee or any other body, which results in
disclosure of our secret activities and operations
or uncovers our personnel, will help a potential
enemy just as if the enemy had been able to
infiltrate his own agents right into our shop.

Such statements led Senators like John Stennis to comment,
"If you are going to have an intelligence agency, you have to
protect it as such...and shut your eyes some, and take what's
coming".

�==Appendix I==


The following is a partial list of United States Covert
action abroad to impose or restore favorable political
conditions, 1946-1983.  The list was prepared by Tom Gervasi
of the Center for Military Research and Analysis in 1984, and
it was compiled using information available in the public
domain.

1946: GREECE.  Restore monarch after overthrow of Metaxas
     government.  Successful.

1946-1955:  WEST GERMANY.  Average of $6 million annually to
     support former Nazi intelligence network of General
     Reinhard Gehlen.  Successful.

1948-1968:  ITALY.  Average of $30 million annually in 
     payments  to political and labor leaders to supportanti-
     Communist  candidates in Italian elections.  Successful.

1949:  GREECE.  Military assistance to anti-Communist forces 
     in Greek civil war.  Successful.

1949-1953:  UKRAINE.  Organize and support a Ukrainian
     resistance movement. Unsuccessful.

1949-1961:  BURMA.  Support 12,000 Nationalist China troops 
     in Burma under General Li Mi as an incursion force into 
     People's Republic of China.  Unsuccessful.

1950-1952:  POLAND.  Financial and military assistance for
     Polish Freedom and Independence Movement.  Unsuccessful.

1950:  ALBANIA.  Overthrow government of Enver Hoxha. 
     Unsuccessful.

1951-1954:  CHINA.  Airdrop guerilla teams into People's
     Republic of China.  Unsuccessful.

1953:  IRAN.  Overthrow Mossadegh government and install
     Zahedi.  Cost:  $10 million.  Successful.

1953:  PHILLIPINES.  Assassination and propaganda campaign to
     overcome Huk resistance and install government of Ramon
     Magsaysay.  Successful.

@Copyright 1984 by the Center for Military Research and
Analysis

1953:  COSTA RICA.  Overthrow government of Jose Figueres. 
     Unsuccessful.

1954:  SOUTH VIETNAM.  Install government of Ngo Dinh Diem. 
     Successful.

1954:  WEST GERMANY.  Arrange abduction and discreditation of
     West German intelligence chief Otto John, and replace
     with Reinhard Gehlen.  Successful.
 
1954:  GUATEMALA.  Overthrow government of Jacobo Arbenz
     Guzman and replace with Carlos Castillo Armas. 
     Successful.

1955:  CHINA.  Assassinate Zhou Enlai en route to Bandung
     Conference.  Unsuccessful.

1956:  HUNGARY.  Financial and military assistance to
     organize and support a Hungarian resistance movement,
     and broad propaganda campaign to encourage it. 
     Unsuccessful.

1956:  CUBA.  Establish anti-Communist police force, Buro de
     Represion Actividades Communistas (BRAC) under Batista  
     regime.  Successful.

1956:  EGYPT.  Overthrow Nasser government.  Unsuccessful.
     
1956:  SYRIA.  Overthrow Ghazzi government.  Aborted by
     Israeli invasion of Egypt.

1956-1957:  JORDAN.  Average of $750,000 annually in personal
     payments to King Hussein.  According to United States
     government, payments ceased when disclosed in 1976.

1957:  LEBANON.  Financial assistance for the election of
     pro-American candidates to Lebanese Parliament. 
     Successful.

1958:  INDONESIA.  Financial and military assistance,
     including B-26 bombers, for revel forces attempting to
     overthrow Sukarno government.  Unsuccessful.

1958-1961:  TIBET.  Infiltrate Tibetan guerrillas trained in
     United States to fight Chinese Communists. Unsuccessful.

1959:  CAMBODIA.  Assassinate Prince Norodum Shianouk. 
     Unsuccessful.


1960:  GUATEMALA.  Military assistance, including the use of
     B-26 bombers for government of Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes
     to defeat rebel forces.  Successful.

1960:  ANGOLA.  Financial and military assistance to rebel
     forces of Holden Roberto.  Inconclusive.

1960:  LAOS.  Military assistance, including 400 United
     States Special Forces troops, to deny the Plain of Jars
     bad Mekong Basin to Pathet Lao.  Inconclusive.

1961-1965:  LAOS.  Average of $300 million annually to
     recruit and maintain L'Armee Clandestine of 35,000 Hmong
     and Meo tribesmen and 17,000 Thai mercenaries in support
     of government of Phoumi Nosavan to resist Pathet Lao. 
     Successful.

1961-1963:  CUBA.  Assassinate Fidel Castro.  Six attempts in
     this period.  Unsuccessful.

1961:  CUBA.  Train and support invasion force of Cuban
     exiles to overthrow Castro government, and assist their
     invasion at the Bay of Pigs.  Cost:  $62 million. 
     Unsuccessful.

1961:  ECUADOR.  Overthrow government of Hose Velasco Ibarra. 
     Successful.

1961:  CONGO.  Precipitate conditions leading to
     assassination of Patrice Lumumba.  Successful.

1961:  DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.  Precipitate conditions leading to
     assassination of Rafael Trujillo.  Successful.

1961-1966:  CUBA.  Broad sabotage program,  including
     terrorist attacks on coastal targets and bacteriological
     warfare, in effort to weaken Castro government. 
     Unsuccessful.

1962:  THAILAND.  Brigade of 5,000 United States Marines to
     resist threat to Thai government from Pathet Lao. 
     Successful. 

1962-1964:  BRITISH GUIANA.  Organize labor strikes and riots
     to overthrow government of Cheddi Jagan.  Successful.

1962-1964:  BRAZIL.  Organize campaign of labor strike and
     propaganda to overthrow government of Joao Goulart. 
     Successful.

1963:  DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.  Overthrow government of Juan
     Bosch in military coup.  Successful.

1963:  SOUTH VIETNAM.  Precipitate conditions leading to
     assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem.  Successful.

1963:  ECUADOR.  Overthrow government of Carlos Julio
     Arosemena.  Successful.

1963-1984:  EL SALVADOR.  Organize ORDEN and ANSESAL domestic
     intelligence networks under direction of General Jose
     Alberto Medrano and Colonel Nicolas Carranza, and
     provide intelligence support and training in
     surveillance, interrogation and assassination
     techniques.  Successful.

1963-1973:  IRAQ.  Financial and military assistance for
     Freedom Party of Mulla Mustafa al Barzani in effort to
     establish independent Kurdistan.  Unsuccessful.

1964:  CHILE.  $20 million in assistance for Eduardo Frei to
     defeat Salvador Allende in Chilean elections.Successful.

1964:  BRAZIL, GUATEMALA, URUGUAY, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 
     Provide training in assassination and interrogation
     techniques for police and intelligence personnel. 
     Inconclusive.

1964:  CONGO.  Financial and military assistance, including
     B-26 and T-28 aircraft, and American and exiled Cuban
     pilots, for Joseph Mobutu and Cyril Adoula, and later
     for Moise Tshombe in Katanga, to defeat rebel forces
     loyal to Lumumba.  Successful.

1964-1967:  SOUTH VIETNAM.  Phoenix Program to eliminate Viet
     Cong political infrastructure through more than 20,000
     assassinations.  Infiltrated by Viet Cong and only
     partially successful.

1964-1971:  NORTH VIETNAM.  Sabotage and ambush missions
     under Operations Plan 34A by United States Special
     Forces and Nung tribesmen.  Inconclusive.

1965-1971:  LAOS.  Under Operations Shining Brass and Prairie
     Fire, sabotage and ambush missions by United States
     Special Forces personnel and Nung and Meo tribesmen
     under General Bang Pao.  Inconclusive.

1965:  THAILAND.  Recruit 17,000 mercenaries to support
     Laotian government of Phoumi Nosavan resisting Pathet
     Lao.  Successful.
1965:  PERU.  Provide training in assassination and
     interrogation techniques for Peruvian police and
     intelligence personnel, similar to training given in
     Uruguay, Brazil and Dominican Republic, in effort to
     defeat resistance movement.  Unsuccessful.

1965:  INDONESIA.  Organize campaign of propaganda to
     overthrow Sukarno government, and precipitate conditions
     leading to massacre of more than 500,000 members of
     Indonesian Communist Party, in order to eliminate
     opposition to new Suharto government.  Successful.

1967:  BOLIVIA.  Assist government in capture of Ernesto Che
     Guevara.  Successful.

1967:  GREECE.  Overthrow government of George Papandreou and
     install military government of Colonel George 
     Papadopolous after abdication of King Constantine. 
     Successful.  

1967-1971:  CAMBODIA.  Under Projects Daniel Boone and Salem
     House, sabotage and ambush missions by United States
     Special Forces personnel and Meo tribesmen. 
     Inconclusive.

1969-1970:  CAMBODIA.  Bombing campaign to crush Viet Cong
     sanctuaries in Cambodia.  Unsuccessful.

1970:  CAMBODIA.  Overthrow government of Prince Norodom
     Sihanouk.  Successful.

1970-1973:  CHILE.  Campaign of assassinations, propaganda,
     labor strikes and demonstrations to overthrow government
     of Salvador Allende.  Cost:  $8,400,000.  Successful.

1973-1978:  AFGHANISTAN.  Military and financial assistance
     to government of Mohammed Duad to resist rise to power
     of Noor Mohammed Taraki.  Unsuccessful.

1975:  PORTUGAL.  Overthrow government of General Vasco dos
     Santos Goncalves.  Successful.

1975:  ANGOLA.  Military assistance to forces of Holden
     Roberto and Jonas Savimbi to defeat forces of Popular
     Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) during
     Angolan civil war, and prevent MPLA from forming new
     government.  Unsuccessful.

1975:  AUSTRALIA.  Propaganda and political pressure to force
     dissolution of labor government of Gough Whitlam. 
     Successful.
1976:  JAMAICA.  Military coup to overthrow government of
     Michael Manley.  Unsuccessful.

1976-1984:  ANGOLA.  Financial and military assistance to
     forces of Jonas Savimbi to harass and destabilize Neto
     and succeeding governments.  Inconclusive.

1979:  IRAN.  Install military government to replace Shah and
     resist growth of Moslem fundamentalism.  Unsuccessful.

1979-1980:  JAMAICA.  Financial pressure to destabilize
     government of Michael Manley, and campaign propaganda
     and demonstrations to defeat it in elections. 
     Successful.

1979:  AFGHANISTAN.  Military aid to rebel forces of Zia
     Nezri, Zia Khan Nassry, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Sayed Ahmed
     Gailani and conservative mullahs to overthrow government
     of Hafizullah Amin.  Aborted by Soviet intervention and
     installation of new government.

1980-1984:  AFGHANISTAN.  Continuing military aid to same
     rebel groups to harass Soviet occupation forces and
     challenge legitimacy of government of Babrak Karmal.

1979:  SEYCHELLES.  Destabilize government of France Albert
     Rene.  Successful.

1980:  GRENADA.  Mercenary coup to overthrow government of
     Maurice Bishop.  Successful.

1980:  DOMINICA.  Financial support to Freedom Party of
     Eugenia Charles to defeat Oliver Seraphim in Dominican
     elections.  Successful.

1980:  GUYANA.  Assassinate opposition leader Walter Rodney
     to consolidate power of government of Forbes Burnham. 
     Successful.

1980-1984:  NICARAGUA.  Military assistance to Adolfo Colero
     Portocarrero, Alfonso Robelo, Alfonso Callejas, Fernando
     Chamorro Rappacioli, Eden Pastora Gomez, Adrianna
     Guillen, Steadman Fagoth and former Somoza National
     Guard officers, to recruit, train and equip anti-
     Sandinista forces for sabotage and terrorist incursions
     into Nicaragua from sanctuaries in Honduras and Costa
     Rica, in effort to destabilize government of Daniel
     Ortega Saavedra.

1981:  SEYCHELLES.  Military coup to overthrow government of
     France Albert Rene.  Unsuccessful.
1981-1982:  MAURITIUS.  Financial support to Seewoosagar
     Ramgoolam to bring him to power in 1982 elections. 
     Unsuccessful.

1981-1984:  LIBYA.  Broad campaign of economic pressure,
     propaganda, military maneuvers in Egypt, Sudan and Gulf
     of Sidra, and organization if Libyan Liberation Front
     exiles to destabilize government of Muammar Qaddafi. 
     Inconclusive.

1982:  CHAD.  Military assistance to Hissen Habre to
     overthrow government of Goukouni Oueddei.  Successful.

1982:  GUATEMALA.  Military coup to overthrow government of
     Angel Anibal Guevara.  Successful.

1982:  BOLIVIA.  Military coup to overthrow government of
     Celso Torrelio.  Successful.

1982:  JORDAN.  Military assistance to equip and train two
     Jordanian brigades as an Arab strike force to implement
     United States policy objectives without Israeli
     assistance.

1982-1983:  SURINAM.  Overthrow government of Colonel Desi
     Bouterse.  Three attempts in this period.  Unsuccessful.

1984:  EL SALVADOR.  $1.4 million in financial support for
     the Presidential election campaign of Jose Napoleon
     Duarte.  Successful.�Appendix II
                              
    The Congo 1960:  State Terrorism and Foreign Policy*

A 1975 report of the Church Committee entitled "Alleged
Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders" provides a
rare inside account of how such operations are planned and
carried out--in this case, the CIA's attempt to assassinate
Patrice Lumumba in the Congo in 1960.  Lumumba, a popular
politician considered pro-Soviet by U.S. policymakers, had
briefly served as prime minister after the Congo gained its
independence from Belgium in June of that year.  According to
the Senate report, "It is likely that President
Eisenhower's...strong...concern about Lumumba...was taken by
[CIA director] Allen Dulles as authority to assassinate
Lumumba."  CIA officials ordered a staff scientist (code-
named "Joe") to prepare "toxic biological materials" that
would "produce a disease...indigenous to that area [of
Africa]" and to deliver the poison to the CIA station chief
in Leopoldville, who was to assassinate Lumumba.  But before
the station chief could carry out his orders, Lumumba was
captured by the forces of Joseph Mobutu, the U.S. supported
nationalist leader who is still dictator of the country, and
delivered to his archenemies in Katanga, where he was
murdered.  Following are excerpts from the cables, published
by the committee, that were exchanged by CIA headquarters in
Washington and the officers in the Congo.  

August 18, 1960.  Station chief, Leopoldville, to CIA
headquarters:

EMBASSY AND STATION BELIEVE CONGO EXPERIENCING CLASSIC
COMMUNIST EFFORT TAKEOVER GOVERNMENT...DECISIVE PERIOD NOT
FAR OFF. WHETHER OR NOT LUMUMBA ACTUALLY COMMIE OR JUST
PLAYING COMMIE GAME TO ASSIST HIS SOLIDIFYING POWER, ANTI-
WEST FORCES RAPIDLY INCREASING POWER CONGO AND THERE MAY BE
LITTLE TIME LEFT IN WHICH TO TAKE ACTION TO AVOID ANOTHER
CUBA.

August 26.  Headquarters to Leopoldville:

IN HIGH QUARTERS HERE IT IS THE CLEAR-CUT CONCLUSION THAT IF
[LUMUMBA] CONTUNUES TO HOLD HIGH OFFICE, THE INEVITABLE
RESULT WILL...AT WORST PAVE THE WAY TO COMMUNIST
TAKEOVER...WITH DISASTROUS CONSEQUENCES..FOR THE INTERESTS OF

*This excerpt appeared in Harper's Magazine in October 1984.
THE FREE WORLD GENERALLY. CONSEQUENTLY WE CONCLUDE THAT HIS
REMOVAL MUST BE AN URGENT AND PRIME OBJECTIVE...OF OUR COVERT
ACTION...TO THE EXTENT THAT AMBASSADOR MAY DESIRE TO BE
CONSULTED, YOU SHOULD SEEK HIS CONCURRENCE. IF IN ANY 
PARTICULAR CASE, HE DOES NOT WISH TO BE CONSULTED YOU CAN ACT
ON YOUR AUTHORITY...

September 19.  Headquarters to Leopoldville, announcing the
arrival of the poison:

["JOE"] SHOULD ARRIVE APPROX. 27 SEPT...WILL ANNOUNCE HIMSELF
AS "JOE FROM PARIS"...URGENT YOU SHOULD SEE ["JOE"]
SOONEST...HE WILL FULLY IDENTIFY HIMSELF AMD EXPLAIN HIS
ASSIGNMENT TO YOU. ALL CABLE TRAFFIC THIS OP...HOLD ENTIRELY
TO YOURSELF.

October 7.  Leopoldville to headquarters:

[JOE] LEFT CERTAIN ITEMS OF CONTINUING USEFULNESS. [STATION
OFFICER] PLANS CONTINUE TRY IMPLEMENT OP.

October 15.  Headquarters to Leopoldville:

POSSIBLE USE COMMANDO TYPE GROUP FOR ABDUCTIOM
[LUMUMBA]...VIA ASSAULT ON HOUSE...

October 17.  Leopoldville to headquarters:

NOT BEEN ABLE PENETRATE ENTOURAGE...RECOMMEND HQS POUCH
SOONEST HIGH POWERED FOREIGN MAKE RIFLE WITH TELESCOPIC SCOPE
AND SILENCER. HUNTING GOOD HERE WHEN LIGHT IS RIGHT.

November 14.  Leopoldville to headquarters:

TARGET HAS NOT LEFT BUILDING IN SEVERAL WEEKS. HOUSE GUARDED
DAY AND NIGHT...TARGET HAS DISMISSED MOST OF SERVANTS SO
ENTRY THIS MEANS SEEMS REMOTE.  

January 13.  Fearing that Lumumba, who had been imprisoned by
Mobutu's forces in December, would soon be freed by his
supporters and seize power, Leopoldville cables headquarters:

THE COMBINATION OF [LUMUMBA'S] POWERS AS DEMAGOGUE, HIS ABLE
USE OF OF GOON SQUADS AND PROPAGANDA AND SPIRIT OF DEFEAT
WITHIN [GOVERNMENT]...WOULD ALMOST CERTAINLY INSURE [LUMUMBA]
VICTORY IN PARLIAMENT...REFUSAL TAKE DRASTIC STEPS AT THIS
TIME WILL LEAD TO DEFEAT OF [UNITED STATES] POLICY IN CONGO.


January 17.  Mobutu and his ally Joseph Kasavubu send Lumumba
to his enemies in Katanga province, the forces of local
leader Moise Tshombe.  Two days later, the CIA base chief in
Elizabethville cables headquarters:

THANKS FOR PATRICE.  IF WE HAD KNOWN HE WAS COMING WE WOULD
HAVE BAKED A SNAKE.


A U.N. inquiry later concluded Lumumba was killed by his
enemies on or shortly after his arrival in Katanga.  The
Church Committee investigation found that "the toxic
substances were never used.  But there is, however, no
suggestion of a connection between the assassination plot and
the events which actually led to Lumumba's death". �


[[Category:Conspiracies]]
[[Category:Conspiracy BBS Archive]]
[[Category: JFK]]