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Operation Paperclip/List of Relocated Germans
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'''[[Operation Paperclip]]''' was a secret United States intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from the former [[Nazi Germany]] to the U.S. for government employment after [[End of World War II in Europe|the end of World War II in Europe]], between 1945 and 1959. Conducted by the [[Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency]] (JIOA), it was largely carried out by special agents of the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]'s [[Counterintelligence Corps]] (CIC). Many of these Germans were former Nazi members and some worked with the leaders of the [[Nazi Party]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Jacobsen |first=Annie |title=Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program to Bring Nazi Scientists to America |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |page=Prologue, ix |location=New York |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-316-22105-4}}</ref><ref name="archives.gov">{{cite web |title=Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency |url=https://www.archives.gov/iwg/declassified-records/rg-330-defense-secretary/ |publisher=U.S. [[National Archives and Records Administration]] |access-date=October 9, 2008}}</ref> {{-}} ==Key recruits== ==Aeronautics and Rocketry== Many engineers had been involved with the [[V-2 rocket|V-2]] in [[Peenemünde Army Research Center|Peenemünde]], and 127 of them eventually entered the U.S. through Operation Paperclip. They were also known as the Von Braun Group. : [[Hans Amtmann]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Hans-H.-Amtmann/e/B001KMFDZ4|first=Hans|last= Amtmann |author-link=Hans Amtmann|title=The Vanishing Paperclips: America's Aerospace Secret, A Personal Account|date=May 1, 1988}}</ref> : [[Herbert Axster]] : Erich Ball<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/b/ballerich.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227231622/http://astronautix.com/b/ballerich.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Ball, Erich|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Oscar Bauschinger<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/b/bauschinger.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227202444/http://astronautix.com/b/bauschinger.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Bauschinger|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Hermann Beduerftig<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/b/beduerftig.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227205654/http://astronautix.com/b/beduerftig.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Beduerftig|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Rudi Beichel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/b/beichel.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823170200/http://www.astronautix.com/b/beichel.html|archive-date=August 23, 2016|title=Beichel|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Anton Beier<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/b/beier.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228023616/http://astronautix.com/b/beier.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Beier|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Herbert Bergeler<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/b/bergeler.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227211053/http://astronautix.com/b/bergeler.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Bergeler|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Rudi Berndt, expert in parachute development<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rickey |first1=Lisa |title=Papers of Rudi Berndt, WPAFB Engineer via Operation Paperclip, Now Open for Research |url=https://blogs.libraries.wright.edu/news/outofthebox/2018/12/05/papers-of-rudi-berndt-wpafb-engineer-via-operation-paperclip-now-open-for-research/ |website=blogs.libraries.wright.edu |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref> : [[Magnus von Braun]] : [[Wernher von Braun]] : [[Ernst Czerlinsky]] : {{ill|Theodor Buchhold|de}} : Walter Burose<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/b/burose.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227211703/http://astronautix.com/b/burose.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Burose|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Adolf Busemann]] : GN Constan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/c/constan.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228021036/http://astronautix.com/c/constan.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Constan|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Werner Dahm]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/astros/dahm.htm |title=Dahm |publisher=Astronautix.com |accessdate=2010-08-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912071716/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/dahm.htm |archivedate=2010-09-12 }}</ref> : [[Konrad Dannenberg]]<ref name="nyt3"/> : [[Kurt H. Debus]] : Gerd De Beek<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/d/debeek.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034504/http://astronautix.com/d/debeek.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=De Beek|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Walter Dornberger]] – head of rocket programme : Gerhard Drawe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/d/drawe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228031659/http://astronautix.com/d/drawe.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Drawe|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Friedrich Duerr<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/d/duerr.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228135708/http://astronautix.com/d/duerr.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Duerr|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Ernst R. G. Eckert]] : {{Ill|Rudolph Edse|de}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/e/edse.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723235537/http://www.astronautix.com/e/edse.html|archive-date=July 23, 2022|title=Edse|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Otto Eisenhardt<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/e/eisenhardt.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228012829/http://astronautix.com/e/eisenhardt.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Eisenhardt|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Krafft Arnold Ehricke]] : Alfred Finzel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/f/finzel.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228151050/http://astronautix.com/f/finzel.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Finzel|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Edward Fischel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/f/fischel.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228055814/http://astronautix.com/f/fischel.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Fischel|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Karl Fleischer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/f/fleischer.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228041426/http://astronautix.com/f/fleischer.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Fleischer|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Anton Flettner]] : [[Anselm Franz]] : Herbert Fuhrmann<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/f/fuhrmann.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228042619/http://astronautix.com/f/fuhrmann.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Fuhrmann|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Ernst Geissler]] : Werner Gengelbach<ref>{{cite web|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/support/wall-of-honor/werner-k-gengelbach|title=Werner K. Gengelbach|date=January 16, 2016|website=National Air and Space Museum}}</ref> : [[Dieter Grau]] : Hans Gruene<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/g/gruene.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228022706/http://astronautix.com/g/gruene.html |archive-date=December 28, 2016 |title=Gruene, Hans}}</ref> : Herbert Guendel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/g/guendel.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228084024/http://astronautix.com/g/guendel.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Guendel|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Fritz Haber<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/29/us/fritz-haber-86-dies-simulated-weightlessness-of-space.html|title=Fritz Haber, 86, Dies; Simulated Weightlessness of Space|first=Ford|last=Burkhart|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 29, 1998}}</ref> : [[Heinz Haber]] : Karl Hager<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/h/hager.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228021907/http://astronautix.com/h/hager.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Hager|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Guenther Haukohl<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/h/haukohl.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227195150/http://astronautix.com/h/haukohl.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Haukohl|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Walter Haeussermann|Walter Häussermann]] : [[Karl Heimburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/h/heimburg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228020225/http://astronautix.com/h/heimburg.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Heimburg|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Emil Hellebrand<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/19/obituaries/emil-hellebrand-dead-rocket-expert-was-67.html |title=Emil Hellebrand Dead; Rocket Expert Was 67 |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 19, 1981 |access-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524082753/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/19/obituaries/emil-hellebrand-dead-rocket-expert-was-67.html |archive-date=May 24, 2015}}</ref> : [[Gerhard B. Heller]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/h/heller.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227224529/http://astronautix.com/h/heller.html |archive-date=December 27, 2016 |title=Heller, Gerhard Bernhard}}</ref> : Bruno Helm<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/h/helm.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227214216/http://astronautix.com/h/helm.html |archive-date=December 27, 2016 |title=Helm, Bruno}}</ref> : Rudolf Hermann<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/h/hermannrudolf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228015906/http://astronautix.com/h/hermannrudolf.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Hermann, Rudolf|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Bruno Heusinger<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/h/heusinger.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227211433/http://astronautix.com/h/heusinger.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Heusinger|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/130|title=Bruno Heusinger Collection|last=Adan|first=Drew|date=2020|website=UAH Archives and Special Collections|publisher=[[University of Alabama in Huntsville]]|access-date=April 5, 2021}}</ref> : Hans Hueter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/h/hueter.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227213426/http://astronautix.com/h/hueter.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Hueter|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Guenther Hintze<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/h/hintze.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227214938/http://astronautix.com/h/hintze.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Hintze|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Sighard F. Hoerner]] : [[Kurt Hohenemser]] : [[Oscar Holderer]] : [[Helmut Horn]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/h/horn.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228021943/http://astronautix.com/h/horn.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Horn|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : {{ill|Hans Henning Hosenthien|de}}, Director of Flight Dynamics, [[Marshall Space Flight Center]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hosenthien |url=http://www.astronautix.com/h/hosenthien.html |website=www.astronautix.com |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref> : Dieter Huzel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/h/huzel.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228023221/http://astronautix.com/h/huzel.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Huzel|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Walter Jacobi]] : Erich Kaschig<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/k/kaschig.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228030647/http://astronautix.com/k/kaschig.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Kaschig|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Ernst Klauss<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/26|title=Ernst Karl Klauss Collection|last=Adan|first=Drew|date=April 13, 2018|website=UAH Archives and Special Collections|publisher=[[University of Alabama in Huntsville]]|access-date=March 15, 2021}}</ref> : Theodore Knacke<ref>{{cite web|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/support/wall-of-honor/theodore-w-knacke-usa|title=Theodore W. Knacke, USA|date=January 16, 2016|website=National Air and Space Museum}}</ref> : [[Siegfried Knemeyer]] : [[Heinz-Hermann Koelle]] : Gustav Kroll<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/k/kroll.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228051422/http://astronautix.com/k/kroll.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Kroll|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Willi Kuberg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/116|title=Willi Karl Kuberg Collection|last=Sullivan|first=Megan|date=2020|website=UAH Archives and Special Collections|publisher=[[University of Alabama in Huntsville]]|access-date=April 5, 2021}}</ref> : [[Werner Kuers]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/k/kuers.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228063400/http://astronautix.com/k/kuers.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Kuers|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Hermann Kurzweg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/K/Kurzweg.html|title=Kurzweg, Hermann H. (1908–2000)|first=David|last=Darling|website=www.daviddarling.info}}</ref> : Hermann Lange<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/l/lange.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227215343/http://astronautix.com/l/lange.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Lange|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Hans Lindenberg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/l/lindenberg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227201528/http://astronautix.com/l/lindenberg.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Lindenberg|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Hans Lindenmayer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/l/lindenmayer.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227213318/http://astronautix.com/l/lindenmayer.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Lindenmayer|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Alexander Martin Lippisch]] – aeronautical engineer : [[Robert Lusser]] : Hans Maus<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/m/maus.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228150706/http://astronautix.com/m/maus.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Maus|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Helmut Merk<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/m/merk.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228043652/http://astronautix.com/m/merk.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Merk|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Joseph Michel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/m/micheljosef.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228025818/http://astronautix.com/m/micheljosef.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Michel, Josef|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Hans Milde<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/m/milde.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228022213/http://astronautix.com/m/milde.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Milde|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Heinz Millinger<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/m/millinger.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228142136/http://astronautix.com/m/millinger.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Millinger|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Rudolf Minning<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/m/minning.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228044104/http://astronautix.com/m/minning.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Minning|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[William Mrazek]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/m/mrazek.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228051549/http://astronautix.com/m/mrazek.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Mrazek|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Erich W. Neubert<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/n/neubert.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228022018/http://astronautix.com/n/neubert.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Neubert|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Hans von Ohain]] (designer of German jet engines) : Robert Paetz<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/p/paetz.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227222137/http://astronautix.com/p/paetz.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Paetz|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Hans Palaoro<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/p/palaoro.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228015546/http://astronautix.com/p/palaoro.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Palaoro|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Kurt Patt<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/p/patt.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228010119/http://astronautix.com/p/patt.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Patt|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Hans Paul<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/p/paul.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227220335/http://astronautix.com/p/paul.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Paul|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Fritz Pauli<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/23|title=Fritz Karl Pauli Collection|last=Johnson|first=Matthew|date=April 13, 2018|website=UAH Archives and Special Collections|publisher=[[University of Alabama in Huntsville]]|access-date=April 5, 2021}}</ref> : Arnold Peter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://herald-citizen.com/stories/cookevillian-recalls-secret-operation-paperclip,20062|title=Cookevillian recalls secret Operation Paperclip|first=Megan|last=Trotter|website=Herald Citizen}}</ref> : Helmuth Pfaff<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/8|title=Helmuth Pfaff Collection|last=Roberts|first=Melissa|date=2017|website=UAH Archives and Special Collections|publisher=[[University of Alabama in Huntsville]]|access-date=March 15, 2021}}</ref> : Theodor Poppel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/p/poppel.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227200047/http://astronautix.com/p/poppel.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Poppel|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-4204/ch2-7.html | title=Moonport, CH2-7 }}</ref> : Werner Rosinski<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/astros/rosinski.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912062731/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/rosinski.htm|archive-date=September 12, 2010|title=Rosinski|date=September 12, 2010}}</ref> : Ludwig Roth<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/r/roth.html |title=Roth }}</ref> : Heinrich Rothe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/r/rothe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228025429/http://astronautix.com/r/rothe.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Rothe|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Friedrich von Saurma : Martin Schilling<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/schilling.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228025521/http://astronautix.com/s/schilling.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Schilling|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Helmut Schlitt<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/schlitt.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228155347/http://astronautix.com/s/schlitt.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Schlitt|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Albert Schuler<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/schuler.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228060232/http://astronautix.com/s/schuler.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Schuler|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Walter Schwidetzky<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/schwidetzky.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228044620/http://astronautix.com/s/schwidetzky.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Schwidetzky|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Ernst Steinhoff]] : Wolfgang Steurer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/steurer.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228022705/http://astronautix.com/s/steurer.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Steurer|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Heinrich Struck]] : [[Ernst Stuhlinger]]<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/28/us/28stuhlinger.html?_r=1| title= Ernst Stuhlinger, Rocket Scientist Crucial in Space Race, Is Dead at 94 | work=The New York Times| author= John Noble Wilford| date= May 28, 2008 |access-date=2010-08-29}}</ref> : [[Bernhard Tessmann]] : [[Adolf Thiel]] : [[Georg von Tiesenhausen]] : Werner Tiller<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/t/tiller.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228031813/http://astronautix.com/t/tiller.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Tiller|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : JG Tschinkel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/t/tschinkel.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228013102/http://astronautix.com/t/tschinkel.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Tschinkel|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Arthur Urbanski<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/u/urbanski.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227223747/http://astronautix.com/u/urbanski.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Urbanski|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Fritz Vandersee<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/v/vandersee.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228013844/http://astronautix.com/v/vandersee.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Vandersee|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Richard Vogt (aircraft designer)|Richard Vogt]] : [[Woldemar Voigt (engineer)|Woldemar Voigt]], designer of [[Messerschmitt P.1101]] : Werner Voss<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/v/vosswerner.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228040727/http://astronautix.com/v/vosswerner.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Voss, Werner|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Theodor Vowe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/v/vowe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228041509/http://astronautix.com/v/vowe.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Vowe|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Herbert A. Wagner]] : Hermann Rudolf Wagner<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/153|title=Hermann Rudolf Wagner Collection|last=Sullivan|first=Megan|date=2020|website=UAH Archives and Special Collections|publisher=[[University of Alabama in Huntsville]]|access-date=March 15, 2021}}</ref> : Hermann Weidner<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/w/weidner.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228014929/http://astronautix.com/w/weidner.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Weidner|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Walter Fritz Wiesemann<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/w/wiesemann.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228061521/http://astronautix.com/w/wiesemann.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Wiesemann|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Philipp Wolfgang Zettler-Seidel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/152|title=Philipp Wolfgang Zettler-Seidel Collection|last=Sullivan|first=Megan|date=2020|website=UAH Archives and Special Collections|publisher=[[University of Alabama in Huntsville]]|access-date=March 15, 2021}}</ref> {{div col end}} ==Architecture== : [[Heinz Hilten]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al.com/news/huntsville/2016/01/rare_architects_drawings_show.html|title=Rare architect's drawings show Huntsville's change from cotton town to Rocket City|first=Lee|last=Roop|date=January 26, 2016|website=al.com}}</ref> : Hannes Luehrsen<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/l/luehrsen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227234418/http://astronautix.com/l/luehrsen.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Luehrsen|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> ==Electronics – including guidance systems, radar and satellites== : {{ill|Wilhelm Angele|de}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/01/us/wilhelm-angele-91-engineer-in-space-program.html|title=Wilhelm Angele, 91, Engineer in Space Program|first=Wolfgang|last=Saxon|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 1, 1996}}</ref> : {{ill|Ernst Baars|de}} : Josef Boehm<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/b/boehm.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221164008/http://www.astronautix.com/b/boehm.html|archive-date=December 21, 2016|title=Boehm|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Hans Fichtner]] : Hans Friedrich<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/f/friedrich.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228150814/http://astronautix.com/f/friedrich.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Friedrich|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Eduard Gerber<ref>{{cite journal|title=In Memoriam Eduard A. Gerber|first=A.|last=Ballato|date=January 1, 1987|journal=IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control|volume=34|issue=1|page=2|doi=10.1109/T-UFFC.1987.26903|s2cid=43468114}}</ref> : {{ill|Georg Goubau|de|}} : [[Walter Haeussermann]] : {{ill|Otto Heinrich Hirschler|de|}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/09/us/h-otto-hirschler-87-aided-space-program.html|title=H. Otto Hirschler, 87, Aided Space Program|first=Wolfgang|last=Saxon|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 9, 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/astros/hirchler.htm |title=Hirschler |publisher=Astronautix.com |accessdate=2010-08-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916223621/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/hirchler.htm |archivedate=2010-09-16 }}</ref> : Otto Hoberg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/h/hoberg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227205819/http://astronautix.com/h/hoberg.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Hoberg|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Rudolf Hoelker<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/20/us/rudolf-f-hoelker-91-space-flight-scientist.html|title=Rudolf F. Hoelker, 91, Space Flight Scientist|first=Wolfgang|last=Saxon|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 20, 2003}}</ref> : [[Hans Hollmann]] : [[Helmut Hölzer]] : [[Helmut Horn]] : Wilhelm Jungert<ref>{{cite web |title=Orders for the transportation of seventeen German civilians to the United States. |url=http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/495 |website=William August Schulze Collection |access-date=22 December 2023 |language=en |date=15 September 1945}}</ref> : Horst Kedesdy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/19758799_-operation-paperclip-archive-of-dr-horst-kedesdy|title=OPERATION PAPERCLIP – ARCHIVE OF DR. HORST KEDESDY |website=www.liveauctioneers.com}}</ref> : Georg ("George") Emil Knausenberger : [[Heinz-Hermann Koelle]] : [[Max Kramer]] : Hubert E. Kroh<ref>{{cite web|title=Transplanted Rocket Pioneers|author=Lundquist, Charles A.|url=http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/23/56/web_copy_Transplanted_Rocket_Pioneers.pdf |page=107|access-date=April 28, 2023}}</ref> : Hermann H. Kurzweg <ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/biosk-n.html |title=Biographies of Aerospace Officials and Policymakers, K-N |publisher=History.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-08-30}}</ref> : [[Kurt Lehovec]] : Kurt Lindner<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/l/lindner.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227213920/http://astronautix.com/l/lindner.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Lindner|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Alexander Martin Lippisch]] : JW Muehlner<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/m/muehlner.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228023918/http://astronautix.com/m/muehlner.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Muehlner|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Fritz Mueller]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/astros/muefritz.htm |title=Mueller, Fritz |publisher=Astronautix.com |accessdate=2010-08-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912071721/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/muefritz.htm |archivedate=2010-09-12 }}</ref> : [[William Mrazek]] : Hans R. Palaoro : [[Johannes Plendl]] : [[Fritz Karl Preikschat]] : [[Eberhard Rees]] : [[Gerhard Reisig]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/astros/reisig.htm |title=Reisig |publisher=Astronautix.com |accessdate=2010-08-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912064023/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/reisig.htm |archivedate=2010-09-12 }}</ref> : [[Georg Rickhey]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/astros/rickhey.htm |title=Rickhey |publisher=Astronautix.com |date=1947-01-02 |accessdate=2010-08-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912062726/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/rickhey.htm |archivedate=2010-09-12 }}</ref> : Werner Rosinski <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/astros/rosinski.htm |title=Rosinski |publisher=Astronautix.com |accessdate=2010-08-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912062731/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/rosinski.htm |archivedate=2010-09-12 }}</ref> : [[Ludwig Roth]] : [[Arthur Rudolph]] : Walter Schwidetzky<ref>{{cite web|url=https://huntsvillehistorycollection.org/hhc/showhpg.php?id=348&a=article|title=Rocket Pioneers, Schemers and Dreamers!|publisher=lunarpedia.org|date=|accessdate=2023-04-28}}</ref> : Harry Ruppe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/r/ruppe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228025445/http://astronautix.com/r/ruppe.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Ruppe|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Friedrich von Saurma : [[William August Schulze]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/schulze.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228055315/http://astronautix.com/s/schulze.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Schulze|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : [[Heinz Schlicke]] : Werner Sieber<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/sieber.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228032730/http://astronautix.com/s/sieber.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Sieber|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Othmar Stuetzer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://obits.abqjournal.com/obits/search?page=9043&query=Albuquerque|title=Albuquerque Journal Obituaries|website=obits.abqjournal.com}}</ref> : Albin Wittmann<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/w/wittmann.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228032626/http://astronautix.com/w/wittmann.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Wittmann|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Hugo Woerdemann<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/w/woerdemann.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228020007/http://astronautix.com/w/woerdemann.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Woerdemann|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Albert Zeiler<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/10/18/archives/albert-zeiler.html|title=Albert Zeiler|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 18, 1975}}</ref> : [[Hans K. Ziegler]] : Helmut Zoike ==Material Science (high temperature)== : [[Werner Osenberg]]{{citation-needed|date=January 2025}} : Klaus Scheufelen<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/scheufelen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228024758/http://astronautix.com/s/scheufelen.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Scheufelen|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> : Rudolf Schlidt<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/schlidt.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228060135/http://astronautix.com/s/schlidt.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Schlidt|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> ==Medicine – including [[Biological Warfare Main Page|biological weapons]], chemical weapons, and space medicine== : {{ill|Theodor Benzinger|de}} : [[Rudolf Brill]] : [[Konrad Johannes Karl Büttner]] : [[Paul Anton Cibis]] : [[Fritz Laves]] : [[Richard Lindenberg]] : {{ill|Ulrich Cameron Luft|de}} : [[Walter Schreiber]] : [[Hubertus Strughold]] : [[Hans Georg Clamann]] : [[Erich Traub]] ==Physics== : Gunter Guttein : [[Willibald Jentschke]] : Gerhard Schwesinger<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2766658A/en|title=Variable focal length focusing lens system and device therefor|website=google.com}}</ref> : Gottfried Wehner : Helmut Weickmann<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/about/events/40thanniversary/talks/talks_ek.html|title=Historical Overview of NSSL: We build on the foundations established by our predecessors|website=www.nssl.noaa.gov}}</ref> : [[Friedwardt Winterberg]] ==Chemistry and Chemical engineering== : Helmut Pichler : Leonard Alberts : Ernst Donath : Josef Guymer<ref name="Operation Paperclip : the secret in">{{cite book |last1=Jacobsen |first1=Annie |title=Operation Paperclip: the secret intelligence program to bring Nazi scientists to America |date=February 11, 2014 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-316-23982-0 |edition=First}}</ref> : Hans Schappert : Max Josenhaus : Kurt Bretschneider<ref name="Operation Paperclip : the secret in"/> : Erich Frese == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Operation Paperclip]] [[Category: Black Projects]] [[Category:Wernher von Braun]] [[Category:American Secret Government Programs]] [[Category:Marshall Space Flight Center]] [[Category:NASA people]]
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