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[[Category:Conspiracies]]
[[Category:Conspiracy BBS Archive]]
{{Infobox BBS
{{Infobox BBS
| image         = Archived-En.png
| image = Category Nikola Tesla.png
| file         = theory1.txt
| image2= Archived-En.png
| author       = Unknown
| file = theory1.txt
| date         = Unknown
| author= Unknown
| subject       =  
| date = Unknown
| orig_bbs     = Unknown
| subject   =  
| orig_bbs = Unknown
| bbs_main_page = [[Conspiracy BBS Archive]]
| bbs_main_page = [[Conspiracy BBS Archive]]
| key_words     = Conspiracies
| key_words = Conspiracies
| case_file = Nikola Tesla Main Page
}}
}}


<pre>
<center><big>
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF POWER


Resonating Planet Earth


    WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF POWER


    Resonating Planet Earth
by


Toby Grotz


    by


    Toby Grotz
Theoretical Electromagnetic Studies and Learning Association, Inc.<br>
522 West Third Street<br>
Leadville, CO  80461<br>
(719) 486-0133
</center></big>


==Abstract==


    Theoretical Electromagnetic Studies and Learning Association, Inc.
    522 West Third Street
    Leadville, CO  80461
    (719) 486-0133


Many  researchers have speculated on the meaning of the phrase  "non-Hertzian waves" as used by Dr. Nikola Tesla.  Dr. Tesla first began  to use this term in the mid 1890's in order to explain his proposed system for the wireless transmission of electrical power.  In fact, it was not until the distinction between the method that Heinrich Hertz was  using and  the  system  Dr. Tesla had designed, that Dr. Tesla  was  able  to receive the endorsement of the renowned physicist, Lord Kelvin.1


    Abstract
To  this day, however, there exists a confusion  amongs  researchers,
experimentalists, popular authors and laymen as to the meaning of  non-
Hertzian waves and the method Dr. Tesla was promoting for the  wireless
transmission of power.  In this paper, the terms pertinent to  wireless
transmission  of power will be explained and the methods being used  by
present  researchers  in  a recreation of  the  Tesla's  1899  Colorado
Springs experiments will be defined.




      Many  researchers have speculated on the meaning of the phrase  "non-
==Early Theories of Electromagnetic Propagation==
    Hertzian waves" as used by Dr. Nikola Tesla.  Dr. Tesla first began  to
    use this term in the mid 1890's in order to explain his proposed system
    for the wireless transmission of electrical power.  In fact, it was not
    until the distinction between the method that Heinrich Hertz was  using
    and  the  system  Dr. Tesla had designed, that Dr. Tesla  was  able  to
    receive the endorsement of the renowned physicist, Lord Kelvin.1


      To  this day, however, there exists a confusion  amongs  researchers,
    experimentalists, popular authors and laymen as to the meaning of  non-
    Hertzian waves and the method Dr. Tesla was promoting for the  wireless
    transmission of power.  In this paper, the terms pertinent to  wireless
    transmission  of power will be explained and the methods being used  by
    present  researchers  in  a recreation of  the  Tesla's  1899  Colorado
    Springs experiments will be defined.


In  pre-World  War  I  physics, scientists  postulated  a  number  of
theories  to explain the propagation of electromagnetic energy  through
the ether.  There were three popular theories present in the literature
of the late 1800's and early 1900's.  They were:


    Early Theories of Electromagnetic Propagation
1. Transmission through or along the Earth,
2. Propagation as a result of terrestrial resonances,
3. Coupling to the ionosphere using propagation through electrified gases.


We  shall  concern  our examination at this time to  the  latter  two
theories  as  they  were both used by Dr. Tesla  at  various  times  to
explain  his  system of wireless transmission of power.  It  should  be
noted,  however,  that  the  first  theory  was  supported  by  Fritz
Lowenstein,  the  first  vice-president  of  the  Institute  of  Radio
Engineers, a man who had the enviable experience of assisting Dr. Tesla
during the Colorado Springs experiments of 1899.  Lowenstein  presented
what  came to be known as the "gliding wave" theory of  electromagnetic
radiation  and  propagation during a lecture before the  IRE  in  1915.
(Fig. 1)


      In pre-World War I physics, scientists postulated a number of
Dr.  Tesla  delivered lectures to the Franklin  Institute  at
    theories to explain the propagation of electromagnetic energy through
Philadelphia,  in February, 1983, and to the National Electric Light
    the ether.  There were three popular theories present in the literature
Association in St. Louis, in March, 1983,  concerning  electromagnetic
    of the late 1800's and early 1900's.  They were:
wave propagation. The theory presented in those lectures proposed that
    1. Transmission through or along the Earth,
the Earth could be considered as a conducting sphere and that it  could
    2. Propagation as a result of terrestrial resonances,
support  a large electrical charge.  Dr. Tesla proposed to disturb  the
    3. Coupling to the ionosphere using propagation through
charge  distribution on the surface of the Earth and record the period
        electrified gases.
of the resulting oscillations as the charge returned to its  state  of
equilibrium.  The problem of a single charged sphere had been  analyzed
at  that time by J.J. Thompson and A.G. Webster in a treatise entitled
"The  Spherical Oscillator."  This was the beginning of an  examination
of what we may call the science of terrestrial resonances, culminating
in  the 1950's and 60's with the engineering of VLF radio  systems  and
the research and discoveries of W.O. Schumann and J.R. Waite.


      We shall concern our examination at this time to the latter  two
The second method of energy propagation proposed by Dr. Tesla was
    theories  as  they  were both used by Dr. Tesla  at  various  times to
that of the propagation of electrical energy through electrified gases.
    explain  his  system of wireless transmission of power.  It should  be
Dr. Tesla experimented with the use of high frequency RF currents to
    noted,  however,  that  the  first  theory  was  supported by   Fritz
examine the properties of gases over a wide range of pressures.  It was
    Lowenstein,  the  first  vice-president  of  the  Institute  of  Radio
determined by Dr. Tesla that air under a partial vacuum could  conduct
    Engineers, a man who had the enviable experience of assisting Dr. Tesla
high frequency electrical currents as well or better than copper wires.
    during the Colorado Springs experiments of 1899. Lowenstein  presented
If a transmitter could be elevated to a level where the  air  pressure
    what came to be known as the "gliding wave" theory of electromagnetic
was on the order of 75 to 130 millimeters in pressure and an excitation
    radiation  and  propagation during a lecture before the IRE  in 1915.
of megavolts was applied, it was theorized that;
    (Fig. 1)


      Dr.   Tesla  delivered  lectures  to  the  Franklin  Institute  at
"...the air will serve as a conductor for the current produced, and
    Philadelphia,  in  February, 1983, and to the National  Electric  Light
the  latter will be transmitted through the air with, it may be, even
    Association  in St. Louis, in March, 1983,  concerning  electromagnetic
less resistance than through an ordinary copper wire".2 (Fig. 2)
    wave propagation.  The theory presented in those lectures proposed that
Resonating Planet Earth
    the Earth could be considered as a conducting sphere and that it  could
    support  a large electrical charge.  Dr. Tesla proposed to disturb  the
    charge distribution on the surface of the Earth and record the  period
    of  the resulting oscillations as the charge returned to its state  of
    equilibrium.  The problem of a single charged sphere had been  analyzed
    at  that time by J.J. Thompson and A.G. Webster in a treatise  entitled
    "The  Spherical Oscillator."  This was the beginning of an examination
    of what we may call the science of terrestrial resonances,  culminating
    in  the 1950's and 60's with the engineering of VLF radio  systems and
    the research and discoveries of W.O. Schumann and J.R. Waite.


      The  second  method of energy propagation proposed by Dr. Tesla  was
Dr. James T. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum, in chapter two of their soon
    that of the propagation of electrical energy through electrified gases.
to be published book, A Tesla Primer, point out a number of  statements
    Dr. Tesla experimented with the use of high frequency RF  currents  to
made by Dr. Tesla which indicate that he was using resonator fields and
    examine the properties of gases over a wide range of pressures. It was
transmission line modes.
    determined  by Dr. Tesla that air under a partial vacuum could  conduct
    high frequency electrical currents as well or better than copper wires.
    If  a transmitter could be elevated to a level where the  air  pressure
    was on the order of 75 to 130 millimeters in pressure and an excitation
    of megavolts was applied, it was theorized that;


    "...the  air will serve as a conductor for the current produced, and
1.  When  he speaks of tuning his apparatus until  Hertzian  radiations
    the  latter will be transmitted through the air with, it may be, even
have been eliminated, he is referring to using ELF vibrations:  "...the
    less resistance than through an ordinary copper wire".2 (Fig. 2)
Hertzian effect has gradually been reduced through the  lowering of
    Resonating Planet Earth
frequency."3


      Dr. James T. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum, in chapter two of their soon
2.  "...the  energy received does not diminish with the square  of the
    to be published book, A Tesla Primer, point out a number of  statements
distance, as it should, since the Hertzian radiation propagates  in  a
    made by Dr. Tesla which indicate that he was using resonator fields and
hemisphere."3
    transmission line modes.


    1.  When he speaks of tuning his apparatus until Hertzian radiations
3.  He apparently detected resonator or standing wave modes:  "...my
    have been eliminated, he is referring to using ELF vibrations:  "...the
discovery of the wonderful law governing the movement of  electricity
    Hertzian effect has gradually been reduced through  the  lowering of
through  the globe...the projection of the wavelengths (measured  along
    frequency."3
the  surface) on the earth's diameter or axis of symmetry...are  all
equal."3


    2.  "...the energy received does not diminish with the square of the
4.  "We are living on a conducting globe surrounded by a thin layer  of
    distance, as it should, since the Hertzian radiation propagates  in a
insulating  air,  above  which  is  a  rarefied  and  conducting
    hemisphere."3
atmosphere...The  Hertz waves represent energy which is  radiated and
unrecoverable. The current energy, on the other hand, is preserved and
can be recovered, theoretically at least, in its entirety."4


    3.  He apparently detected resonator or standing  wave modes: "...my
As  Dr. Corum points out, "The last sentence seems to indicate that
    discovery  of the wonderful law governing the movement  of  electricity
Tesla's Colorado Springs experiments could be properly interpreted as
    through  the globe...the projection of the wavelengths (measured along
characteristic of a wave-guide probe in a cavity resonator."5 This was
    the surface) on the earth's diameter or axis of symmetry...are all
in fact what led Dr. Tesla to report a measurement which to this day is
    equal."3
not understood and has led many to erroneously assume that he was
dealing with faster than light velocities.


    4.  "We are living on a conducting globe surrounded by a thin layer  of
    insulating  air,  above  which  is  a  rarefied  and  conducting
    atmosphere...The  Hertz  waves represent energy which is  radiated  and
    unrecoverable.  The current energy, on the other hand, is preserved and
    can be recovered, theoretically at least, in its entirety."4


      As  Dr. Corum points out, "The last sentence seems to  indicate  that
===The Controversial Measurement;===
    Tesla's  Colorado Springs experiments could be properly interpreted  as
    characteristic of a wave-guide probe in a cavity resonator."5  This was
    in fact what led Dr. Tesla to report a measurement which to this day is
    not  understood  and  has led many to erroneously assume  that  he  was
    dealing with faster than light velocities.




    The Controversial Measurement;
It does not indicate faster than light velocity


The  mathematical models and experimental data used by  Schumann  and
Waite  to  describe ELF transmission and propagation  are  complex  and
beyond  the scope of this paper.  Dr. James F. Corum, Kenneth L.  Corum
and  Dr.  A-Hamid  Aidinejad  have, however,  in  a  series  of  papers
presented  at  the  1984  Tesla  Centennial  Symposium  and  the  1986
International Tesla Symposium, applied the experimental values obtained
by Dr. Tesla during his Colorado Springs experiments to the models  and
equations  used  by Schumann and Waite.  The results of  this  exercise
have  proved that the Earth and the surrounding atmosphere can be  used
as  a  cavity  resonator for the wireless  transmission  of  electrical
power. (Fig. 3)


    It does not indicate faster than light velocity
Dr.  Tesla  reported that .08484 seconds was the time  that  a  pulse
emitted  from his laboratory took to propagate to the opposite side  of
the  planet and to return.  From this statement many have assumed  that
his  transmissions  exceeded the speed of light and many  esoteric  and
fallacious theories and publications have been generated.  As Corum and
Aidinejad point out, in their 1986 paper, "The Transient Propagation of
ELF Pulses in the Earth Ionosphere Cavity", this measurement represents
the coherence time of the Earth cavity resonator system.  This is  also
known  to  students of radar systems as a determination  of  the  range
dependent  parameter.  The  accompanying  diagrams  from  Corum's  and
Aidinejad's paper graphically illustrate the point. (Fig. 3 & Fig. 4)


      The mathematical models and experimental data used by  Schumann  and
We now turn to a description of the methods to be used to build,  as
    Waite  to describe ELF transmission and propagation  are  complex  and
Dr. Tesla did in 1899, a cavity resonator for the wireless transmission
    beyond  the scope of this paper.  Dr. James F. Corum, Kenneth L. Corum
of electrical power.
    and  Dr. A-Hamid  Aidinejad  have, however,  in a  series  of  papers
    presented  at  the  1984  Tesla  Centennial  Symposium  and  the  1986
    International Tesla Symposium, applied the experimental values obtained
    by Dr. Tesla during his Colorado Springs experiments to the models  and
    equations  used  by Schumann and Waite.  The results of  this  exercise
    have  proved that the Earth and the surrounding atmosphere can be  used
    as  a cavity resonator for the wireless transmission of electrical
    power. (Fig. 3)


      Dr.  Tesla  reported that .08484 seconds was the time  that  a  pulse
    emitted  from his laboratory took to propagate to the opposite side  of
    the  planet and to return.  From this statement many have assumed  that
    his  transmissions  exceeded the speed of light and many  esoteric  and
    fallacious theories and publications have been generated.  As Corum and
    Aidinejad point out, in their 1986 paper, "The Transient Propagation of
    ELF Pulses in the Earth Ionosphere Cavity", this measurement represents
    the coherence time of the Earth cavity resonator system.  This is  also
    known  to  students of radar systems as a determination  of  the  range
    dependent  parameter.  The  accompanying  diagrams  from  Corum's  and
    Aidinejad's paper graphically illustrate the point. (Fig. 3 & Fig. 4)


      We  now turn to a description of the methods to be used to build,  as
==PROJECT TESLA:==
    Dr. Tesla did in 1899, a cavity resonator for the wireless transmission
    of electrical power.




    PROJECT TESLA:
The Wireless Transmission of Electrical Energy Using Schumann Resonance


It  has been proven that electrical energy can be  propagated  around
the  world  between  the surface of the Earth  and  the  ionosphere  at
extreme  low frequencies in what is known as the Schumann Cavity.  The
Schumann  cavity surrounds the Earth between ground level  and  extends
upward to a maximum 80 kilometers.  Experiments to date have shown that
electromagnetic waves of extreme low frequencies in the range of 8  Hz,
the  fundamental  Schumann Resonance frequency, propagate  with  little
attenuation around the planet within the Schumann Cavity.


    The Wireless Transmission of Electrical Energy Using Schumann Resonance
Knowing  that a resonant cavity can be excited and that power can  be
delivered to that cavity similar to the methods used in microwave ovens
for  home use, it should be possible to resonate and deliver power  via
the  Schumann  Cavity  to  any point on Earth.  This  will  result  in
practical wireless transmission of electrical power.


      It  has been proven that electrical energy can be  propagated  around
    the  world  between  the surface of the Earth  and  the  ionosphere  at
    extreme  low frequencies in what is known as the Schumann Cavity.  The
    Schumann  cavity surrounds the Earth between ground level  and  extends
    upward to a maximum 80 kilometers.  Experiments to date have shown that
    electromagnetic waves of extreme low frequencies in the range of 8  Hz,
    the  fundamental  Schumann Resonance frequency, propagate  with  little
    attenuation around the planet within the Schumann Cavity.


      Knowing  that a resonant cavity can be excited and that power can  be
==Background==
    delivered to that cavity similar to the methods used in microwave ovens
    for  home use, it should be possible to resonate and deliver power  via
    the  Schumann  Cavity  to  any point on Earth.  This  will  result  in
    practical wireless transmission of electrical power.




    Background
Although  it was not until 1954-1959 when  experimental  measurements
were  made of the frequency that is propagated in the  resonant  cavity
surrounding  the Earth, recent analysis shows that it was Nikola  Tesla
who,  in 1899, first noticed the existence of stationary waves  in  the
Schumann cavity.  Tesla's experimental measurements of the wave  length
and  frequency  involved  closely  match  Schumann's  theoretical
calculations.  Some of these observations were made in 1899 while Tesla
was  monitoring  the  electromagnetic  radiations  due  to  lightning
discharges  in  a thunderstorm which passed over his  Colorado  Springs
laboratory  and  then  moved more than 200 miles  eastward  across  the
plains.  In  his  Colorado  Springs  Notes,  Tesla  noted  that  these
stationary waves "... can be produced with an oscillator," and added in
parenthesis,  "This is of immense importance."6  The importance of  his
observations is due to the support they lend to the prime objective  of
the Colorado Springs laboratory.  The intent of the experiments and the
laboratory  Tesla  had  constructed  was  to  prove  that  wireless
transmission of electrical power was possible.


[[Schumann Resonance]] is analogous to pushing a pendulum.  The intent of
Project Tesla is to create pulses or electrical disturbances that would
travel in all directions around the Earth in the thin membrane of  non-
conductive  air between the ground and the ionosphere.  The  pulses  or
waves would follow the surface of the Earth in all directions expanding
outward  to  the  maximum circumference of the  Earth  and  contracting
inward  until meeting at a point opposite to that of  the  transmitter.
This  point  is  called the anti-pode.  The traveling  waves  would  be
reflected  back from the anti-pode to the transmitter to be  reinforced
and sent out again.


      Although it was not until 1954-1959 when  experimental measurements
At the time of his measurements Tesla was experimenting with and
    were made of the frequency that is propagated in the resonant cavity
researching methods for "...power transmission and transmission of
    surrounding the Earth, recent analysis shows that it was Nikola Tesla
intelligible messages to any point on the globe." Although Tesla was
    who, in 1899, first noticed the existence of stationary waves in the
not able to commercially market a system to transmit power around the
    Schumann cavity. Tesla's experimental measurements of the wave  length
globe, modern scientific theory and mathematical calculations support
    and  frequency  involved  closely  match  Schumann's  theoretical
his  contention that the wireless propagation of electrical power is
    calculations.  Some of these observations were made in 1899 while Tesla
possible and a feasible alternative to the extensive and costly grid of
    was  monitoring  the  electromagnetic  radiations  due to   lightning
electrical   transmission lines used today for   electrical   power
    discharges  in  a thunderstorm which passed over his Colorado  Springs
distribution.
    laboratory and  then  moved more than 200 miles  eastward  across  the
    plains.  In  his  Colorado  Springs  Notes,  Tesla  noted that  these
    stationary waves "... can be produced with an oscillator," and added in
    parenthesis, "This is of immense importance."6  The importance of  his
    observations is due to the support they lend to the prime objective  of
    the Colorado Springs laboratory.  The intent of the experiments and the
    laboratory   Tesla  had constructed was to prove   that   wireless
    transmission of electrical power was possible.


      Schumann Resonance is analogous to pushing a pendulum.  The intent of
    Project Tesla is to create pulses or electrical disturbances that would
    travel in all directions around the Earth in the thin membrane of  non-
    conductive  air between the ground and the ionosphere.  The  pulses  or
    waves would follow the surface of the Earth in all directions expanding
    outward  to  the  maximum circumference of the  Earth  and  contracting
    inward  until meeting at a point opposite to that of  the  transmitter.
    This  point  is  called the anti-pode.  The traveling  waves  would  be
    reflected  back from the anti-pode to the transmitter to be  reinforced
    and sent out again.


      At  the  time of his measurements Tesla was  experimenting  with  and
==The Need for a Wireless System of Energy Transmission==
    researching  methods  for "...power transmission  and  transmission  of
    intelligible  messages to any point on the globe."  Although Tesla  was
    not  able to commercially market a system to transmit power around  the
    globe,  modern scientific theory and mathematical calculations  support
    his  contention  that the wireless propagation of electrical  power  is
    possible and a feasible alternative to the extensive and costly grid of
    electrical  transmission  lines  used  today  for  electrical  power
    distribution.


A  great concern has been voiced in recent years over  the  extensive
use  of energy, the limited supply of resources, and the  pollution  of
the  environment  from the use of present  energy  conversion  systems.
Electrical power accounts for much of the energy consumed. Much of this
power is wasted during transmission from power plant generators to  the
consumer.  The  resistance  of the wire used in  the  electrical  grid
distribution  system causes a loss of 26-30% of the  energy  generated.
This loss implies that our present system of electrical distribution is
only 70-74% efficient.


    The Need for a Wireless System of Energy Transmission
A system of power distribution with little or no loss would  conserve
energy. It would reduce pollution and expenses resulting from the  need
to generate power to overcome and compensate for losses in the  present
grid system.


The  proposed  project  would  demonstrate  a  method  of  energy
distribution  calculated  to  be  90-94%  efficient.  An  electrical
distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need  for
an  inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables,  towers,
and substations.  The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy
used  by  the  consumer and rid the landscape  of  wires,  cables,  and
transmission towers.


      A great concern has been voiced in recent years over  the  extensive
There are areas of the world where the need for electrical power
    use of energy, the limited supply of resources, and the  pollution of
exists, yet there is no method for delivering power. Africa is in need
    the environment  from the use of present  energy  conversion  systems.
of power to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the
    Electrical power accounts for much of the energy consumed. Much of this
Sahara  Desert.  Rural areas, such as those in  China, require the
    power is wasted during transmission from power plant generators to the
electrical power necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to
    consumer.  The resistance of the wire used in  the electrical grid
equal standing with western nations.
    distribution system causes a loss of 26-30% of the  energy  generated.
    This loss implies that our present system of electrical distribution is
    only 70-74% efficient.


      A system of power distribution with little or no loss would conserve
As  first  proposed by Buckminster Fuller, wireless  transmission  of
    energy. It would reduce pollution and expenses resulting from the  need
power would enable world wide distribution of off peak demand capacity.
    to generate power to overcome and compensate for losses in the  present
This  concept  is based on the fact that some nations,  especially  the
    grid system.
United  States, have the capacity to generate much more power  than is
needed.   This situation is accentuated at night.  The greatest  amount
of  power  used, the peak demand, is during the day.  The  extra power
available  during  the night could be sold to the side  of  the  planet
where it is day time.  Considering the huge capacity of power plants in
the  United States, this system would provide a saleable product  which
could do much to aid our balance of payments.


      The  proposed  project  would  demonstrate  a  method  of  energy
    distribution  calculated  to  be  90-94%  efficient.  An  electrical
    distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need  for
    an  inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables,  towers,
    and substations.  The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy
    used  by  the  consumer and rid the landscape  of  wires,  cables,  and
    transmission towers.


      There  are  areas of the world where the need  for  electrical  power
MARKET ANALYSIS
    exists, yet there is no method for delivering power.  Africa is in need
    of power to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the
    Sahara  Desert.  Rural  areas, such as those  in  China,  require  the
    electrical  power necessary to bring them into the 20th century and  to
    equal standing with western nations.


      As  first  proposed by Buckminster Fuller, wireless  transmission  of
    power would enable world wide distribution of off peak demand capacity.
    This  concept  is based on the fact that some nations,  especially  the
    United  States, have the capacity to generate much more power  than  is
    needed.  This situation is accentuated at night.  The greatest  amount
    of  power  used, the peak demand, is during the day.  The  extra  power
    available  during  the night could be sold to the side  of  the  planet
    where it is day time.  Considering the huge capacity of power plants in
    the  United States, this system would provide a saleable product  which
    could do much to aid our balance of payments.


  Of  the  56  billion  dollars  spent for  research  by  the  the  U.S
government in 1987, 64% was for military purposes, only 8% was spent on
energy  related research.  More efficient energy  distribution  systems
and  sources are needed by both developed and under developed  nations.
In regards to Project Tesla, the market for wireless power transmission
systems  is enormous.  It has the potential to become  a  multi-billion
dollar per year market.


    MARKET ANALYSIS


==Market Size==


      Of the  56 billion dollars  spent for  research by  the  the  U.S
The increasing demand for electrical energy in industrial nations is
    government in 1987, 64% was for military purposes, only 8% was spent on
well documented.  If we include the demand of third world nations,
    energy  related research. More efficient energy distribution systems
pushed by  their increasing rate of growth, we could expect an even
    and  sources are needed by both developed and under developed  nations.
faster rise in the demand for electrical power in the near future.
    In regards to Project Tesla, the market for wireless power transmission
    systems  is enormous.  It has the potential to become  a  multi-billion
    dollar per year market.


In 1971, nine industrialized nations, (with 25 percent of the world's
population),  used  690  million kilowatts, 76  percent  of  all  power
generated.  The rest of the world used only 218 million kilowatts.  By
comparison,  China  generated  only  17  million  kilowatts  and  India
generated only 15 million kilowatts (less than two percent each).7  If
a conservative assumption was made that the three-quarters of the world
which is only using one-quarter of the current power production were to
eventually consume as much as the first quarter, then an additional 908
million kilowatts will be needed.  The demand for electrical power will
continue to increase with the industrialization of the world.


    Market Size


==Market Projections==


      The increasing demand for electrical energy in industrial nations is
    well  documented.  If we include the demand of  third  world  nations,
    pushed  by  their increasing rate of growth, we could  expect  an  even
    faster rise in the demand for electrical power in the near future.


      In 1971, nine industrialized nations, (with 25 percent of the world's
The  Energy  Information  Agency  (EIA),  based in Washington,  D.C.,
    population),  used 690 million kilowatts, 76  percent of  all  power
reported the 1985 net generation of electric power to be 2,489 billion
    generated.  The rest of the world used only 218 million kilowatts.   By
kilowatt hours.  At a conservative sale price of $.04 per kilowatt hour
    comparison, China generated only 17 million  kilowatts and India
that  results in a yearly income of 100 billion dollars.  The EIA also
    generated only 15 million kilowatts (less than two percent each).7  If
reported that the 1985 capacity according to generator name plates to
    a conservative assumption was made that the three-quarters of the world
be 656,118 million watts. This would result in a yearly output  of
    which is only using one-quarter of the current power production were to
5,740  billion kilowatt hours at 100% utilization. What this means  is
    eventually consume as much as the first quarter, then an additional 908
that we  use only about 40% of the power we can  generate  (an  excess
    million kilowatts will be needed. The demand for electrical power will
capability of 3,251 billion kilowatt hours).
    continue to increase with the industrialization of the world.


Allowing for down time and maintenance and the fact that the night time
off  peak  load is available, it is possible that half  of  the  excess
power  generation  capability  could be  utilized.  If  1,625  billion
kilowatt  hours were sold yearly at $.06/kilowatt, income  would  total
9.7 billion dollars.


    Market Projections


===Project Tesla: ==


    The  Energy  Information  Agency  (EIA),  based  in  Washington,  D.C.,
===Objectives===
    reported the 1985 net generation of electric power to be 2,489  billion
    kilowatt hours.  At a conservative sale price of $.04 per kilowatt hour
    that  results in a yearly income of 100 billion dollars.  The EIA  also
    reported  that the 1985 capacity according to generator name plates  to
    be  656,118  million watts.  This would result in a  yearly  output  of
    5,740  billion kilowatt hours at 100% utilization.  What this means  is
    that  we  use only about 40% of the power we can  generate  (an  excess
    capability of 3,251 billion kilowatt hours).


    Allowing for down time and maintenance and the fact that the night time
    off  peak  load is available, it is possible that half  of  the  excess
    power  generation  capability  could be  utilized.  If  1,625  billion
    kilowatt  hours were sold yearly at $.06/kilowatt, income  would  total
    9.7 billion dollars.


The  objectives  of  Project Tesla are divided into  three  areas  of investigation.


    Project Tesla: Objectives
1. Demonstration that the Schumann Cavity can be resonated with an open air, vertical dipole antenna;
2. Measurement of power insertion losses;
3. Measurement of power retrieval losses, locally and at a distance.




      The  objectives  of  Project Tesla are divided into  three  areas  of
==Methods==
    investigation.


      1. Demonstration that the Schumann Cavity can be resonated with an
        open air, vertical dipole antenna;
      2. Measurement of power insertion losses;
      3. Measurement of power retrieval losses, locally and at a distance.


A  full size, 51 foot diameter, air core, radio frequency  resonating
coil and a unique 130 foot tower, insulated 30 feet above ground,  have
been  constructed and are operational at an elevation of  approximately
11,000 feet.  This system was originally built by Robert Golka in 1973-
1974 and used until 1982 by the United States Air Force at Wendover AFB
in  Wendover,  Utah.  The USAF used the coil  for  simulating  natural
lightning for testing and hardening fighter aircraft.  The system has a
capacity  of over 600  kilowatts.  The coil, which is the largest  part
of the system, has already been built, tested, and is operational.


    Methods
A location at a high altitude is initially advantageous for  reducing
atmospheric  losses  which work against an efficient  coupling  to  the
Schumann  Cavity.  The high frequency, high voltage output of the  coil
will be half wave rectified using a uniquely designed single  electrode
X-ray  tube.  The X-ray tube will be used to charge a  130  ft.  tall,
vertical  tower  which  will function to  provide  a  vertical  current
moment.  The mast is topped by a metal sphere 30 inches  in  diameter.
X-rays  emitted  from the tube will ionize the atmosphere  between  the
Tesla  coil and the tower.  This will result in a low  resistance  path
causing  all  discharges  to  flow  from the  coil  to  the  tower.  A
circulating  current  of  1,000 amperes in the system  will  create  an
ionization and corona causing a large virtual electrical capacitance in
the  medium surrounding the sphere.  The total charge around the  tower
will  be  in the range of between 200-600  coulombs.  Discharging  the
tower  7-8  times per second through a fixed or rotary spark  gap  will
create  electrical  disturbances,  which  will  resonantly  excite  the
Schumann Cavity, and propagate around the entire Earth.


The propagated wave front will be reflected from the antipode back to
the transmitter site.  The reflected wave will be reinforced and  again
radiated  when  it  returns  to  the  transmitter.  As  a  result,  an
oscillation will be established and maintained in the Schumann  Cavity.
The  loss of power in the cavity has been estimated to be about 6%  per
round trip.  If the same amount of  power is delivered to the cavity on
each  cycle  of  oscillation of the transmitter, there will  be  a  net
energy gain which will result in a net voltage, or amplitude  increase.
This will result in reactive energy storage in the cavity.  As long  as
energy is delivered to the cavity, the process will continue until  the
energy  is removed by heating, lightning discharges, or as is  proposed
by  this  project, loading by tuned circuits at distant  locations  for
power distribution.


      A  full size, 51 foot diameter, air core, radio frequency  resonating
The resonating cavity field will be detected by stations both in the
    coil and a unique 130 foot tower, insulated 30 feet above ground,  have
United States  and overseas. These will be staffed by engineers and
    been  constructed and are operational at an elevation of  approximately
scientists who have agreed to participate in the experiment.
    11,000 feet.  This system was originally built by Robert Golka in 1973-
    1974 and used until 1982 by the United States Air Force at Wendover AFB
    in Wendover,  Utah.   The USAF used the coil for simulating natural
    lightning for testing and hardening fighter aircraft.  The system has a
    capacity  of over 600  kilowatts.  The coil, which is the largest  part
    of the system, has already been built, tested, and is operational.


      A location at a high altitude is initially advantageous for  reducing
Measurement of power insertion and retrieval losses will be made at
    atmospheric losses which work against an efficient  coupling  to  the
the transmitter site and at distant receiving locations.  Equipment
    Schumann  Cavity.  The high frequency, high voltage output of the  coil
constructed especially for measurement of low frequency electromagnetic
    will be half wave rectified using a uniquely designed single electrode
waves will  be employed to measure the effectiveness of using the
    X-ray tube.  The X-ray tube will be used to charge a 130  ft.  tall,
Schumann Cavity as a means of electrical  power  distribution.   The
    vertical  tower  which  will function to  provide  a  vertical current
detection equipment used by project personnel will consist of a pick up
    moment.  The mast is topped by a metal sphere 30 inches  in  diameter.
coil and industry standard low noise, high gain operational amplifiers
    X-rays  emitted  from the tube will ionize the atmosphere  between  the
and active band pass filters.
    Tesla coil and the tower.  This will result in a low resistance  path
    causing  all  discharges to  flow from the coil  to the tower.  A
    circulating current of 1,000 amperes in the system  will  create  an
    ionization and corona causing a large virtual electrical capacitance in
    the medium surrounding the sphere. The total charge around the  tower
    will be  in the range of between 200-600  coulombs.  Discharging  the
    tower  7-8  times per second through a fixed or rotary spark  gap  will
    create  electrical  disturbances,  which  will  resonantly  excite  the
    Schumann Cavity, and propagate around the entire Earth.


      The propagated wave front will be reflected from the antipode back to
In addition to  project detection there will be  a record of  the
    the transmitter site.  The reflected wave will be reinforced and again
experiment recorded by a network of monitoring stations that have been
    radiated  when  it  returns to  the  transmitter.  As  a  result,  an
set up specifically to monitor electromagnetic activity in the Schumann
    oscillation will be established and maintained in the Schumann Cavity.
Cavity.   
    The  loss of power in the cavity has been estimated to be about 6% per
    round trip. If the same amount of  power is delivered to the cavity on
    each  cycle  of  oscillation of the transmitter, there will  be  a  net
    energy gain which will result in a net voltage, or amplitude  increase.
    This will result in reactive energy storage in the cavity.  As long  as
    energy is delivered to the cavity, the process will continue until  the
    energy  is removed by heating, lightning discharges, or as is  proposed
    by  this  project, loading by tuned circuits at distant  locations  for
    power distribution.


      The resonating cavity field will be detected by stations both in  the
    United  States  and overseas. These will be staffed  by  engineers  and
    scientists who have agreed to participate in the experiment.


      Measurement  of power insertion and retrieval losses will be made  at
==Evaluation Procedure==
    the  transmitter  site and at distant receiving  locations.  Equipment
    constructed especially for measurement of low frequency electromagnetic
    waves  will  be  employed to measure the  effectiveness  of  using  the
    Schumann  Cavity  as  a means of electrical  power  distribution.  The
    detection equipment used by project personnel will consist of a pick up
    coil and industry standard low noise, high gain operational  amplifiers
    and active band pass filters.


      In  addition  to  project detection there will be  a  record  of  the
    experiment recorded by a network of monitoring stations that have  been
    set up specifically to monitor electromagnetic activity in the Schumann
    Cavity. 


The project will be evaluated by an analysis of the data provided  by
local and distant measurement stations.  The output of the  transmitter
will produce a 7-8 Hz sine wave as a result of the discharges from  the
antenna.  The  recordings  made  by  distant  stations  will  be  time
synchronized  to  ensure  that the data received is  a  result  of  the
operation of the transmitter.


    Evaluation Procedure
Power  insertion  and  retrieval losses will be  analyzed  after  the
measurements taken during the transmission are recorded.  Attenuation,
field  strength,  and cavity Q will be calculated using  the  equations
presented  in  Dr.  Corum's  papers.  These papers  are  noted  in  the
references.  If  recorded results indicate power  can  be  efficiently
coupled  into or transmitted in the Schumann Cavity, a second phase  of
research involving power reception will be initiated.




      The project will be evaluated by an analysis of the data provided  by
==Environmental Considerations==
    local and distant measurement stations.  The output of the  transmitter
    will produce a 7-8 Hz sine wave as a result of the discharges from  the
    antenna.  The  recordings  made  by  distant  stations  will  be  time
    synchronized  to  ensure  that the data received is  a  result  of  the
    operation of the transmitter.


      Power  insertion  and  retrieval losses will be  analyzed  after  the
    measurements taken during the transmission are recorded.  Attenuation,
    field  strength,  and cavity Q will be calculated using  the  equations
    presented  in  Dr.  Corum's  papers.  These papers  are  noted  in  the
    references.  If  recorded results indicate power  can  be  efficiently
    coupled  into or transmitted in the Schumann Cavity, a second phase  of
    research involving power reception will be initiated.


The  extreme low frequencies (ELF), present in the  environment  have
several origins.  The time varying magnetic fields produced as a result
of solar and lunar influences on ionospheric currents are on the  order
of 30 nanoteslas.  The largest time varying fields are those  generated
by  solar  activity and thunderstorms.  These magnetic fields  reach  a
maximum  of  0.5 microteslas (uT)  The magnetic fields  produced  as  a
result of lightning discharges in the Schumann Cavity peak at 7, 14, 20
and 26 Hz.  The magnetic flux densities associated with these  resonant
frequencies  vary  from  0.25  to  3.6  picoteslas.  per  root  hertz
(pT/Hz1/2).


    Environmental Considerations
Exposure  to  man made sources of ELF can be up to  1  billion  (1000
million  or  1 x 109) times stronger than that of  naturally  occurring
fields.  Household appliances operated at 60 Hz can produce fields  as
high as 2.5 mT.  The field under a 765 kV, 60 Hz power line carrying  1
amp  per  phase  is  15 uT.  ELF antennae systems  that  are  used  for
submarine  communication  produce  fields  of  20  uT.  Video  display
terminals  produce fields of 2 uT, 1,000,000 times the strength of  the
Schumann Resonance frequencies.9


Project  Tesla  will use a 150 kw generator to  excite  the  Schumann
cavity.  Calculations  predict  that the field strength  due  to  this
excitation at 7.8 Hz will be on the order of 46 picoteslas.


      The  extreme low frequencies (ELF), present in the  environment  have
    several origins.  The time varying magnetic fields produced as a result
    of solar and lunar influences on ionospheric currents are on the  order
    of 30 nanoteslas.  The largest time varying fields are those  generated
    by  solar  activity and thunderstorms.  These magnetic fields  reach  a
    maximum  of  0.5 microteslas (uT)  The magnetic fields  produced  as  a
    result of lightning discharges in the Schumann Cavity peak at 7, 14, 20
    and 26 Hz.  The magnetic flux densities associated with these  resonant
    frequencies  vary  from  0.25  to  3.6  picoteslas.  per  root  hertz
    (pT/Hz1/2).


      Exposure  to  man made sources of ELF can be up to  1  billion  (1000
==Future Objectives==
    million  or  1 x 109) times stronger than that of  naturally  occurring
    fields.  Household appliances operated at 60 Hz can produce fields  as
    high as 2.5 mT.  The field under a 765 kV, 60 Hz power line carrying  1
    amp  per  phase  is  15 uT.  ELF antennae systems  that  are  used  for
    submarine  communication  produce  fields  of  20  uT.  Video  display
    terminals  produce fields of 2 uT, 1,000,000 times the strength of  the
    Schumann Resonance frequencies.9


      Project  Tesla  will use a 150 kw generator to  excite  the  Schumann
    cavity.  Calculations  predict  that the field strength  due  to  this
    excitation at 7.8 Hz will be on the order of 46 picoteslas.


The  successful  resonating  of  the  Schumann  Cavity  and  wireless
transmission of power on a small scale resulting in proof of  principle
will  require  a second phase of engineering, the design  of  receiving
stations.  On  completion of the second phase, the  third  and  fourth
phases  of the project involving further tests and improvements  and  a
large  scale demonstration project will be pursued to prove  commercial
feasibility.  Total  cost  from  proof  of  principle  to  commercial
prototype  is expected to total $3 million.  Interest in  participation
in this project may be directed to the author.


    Future Objectives


==REFERENCES==


      The  successful  resonating  of  the  Schumann  Cavity  and  wireless
    transmission of power on a small scale resulting in proof of  principle
    will  require  a second phase of engineering, the design  of  receiving
    stations.  On  completion of the second phase, the  third  and  fourth
    phases  of the project involving further tests and improvements  and  a
    large  scale demonstration project will be pursued to prove  commercial
    feasibility.  Total  cost  from  proof  of  principle  to  commercial
    prototype  is expected to total $3 million.  Interest in  participation
    in this project may be directed to the author.


The following four papers were presented at the 1984 Tesla Centennial Symposium and the 1986 International Tesla Symposium.


    REFERENCES
"The  Transient  Propagation of ELF Pulses  in  the  Earth-Ionosphere Cavity", by A-Ahamid Aidinejad and James F. Corum.


"Disclosures Concerning the Operation of an ELF Oscillator", by James F. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.


      The following four papers were presented at the 1984 Tesla Centennial
"A Physical Interpretation of the Colorado Springs Data", by James F. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.
    Symposium and the 1986 International Tesla Symposium.


      "The Transient Propagation of ELF Pulses in the Earth-Ionosphere
"Critical Speculations Concerning Tesla's Invention and Applications of Single Electrode X-Ray Directed Discharges for Power Processing, Terrestrial Resonances and Particle Beam Weapons" by James F. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.
    Cavity", by A-Ahamid Aidinejad and James F. Corum.


      "Disclosures Concerning the Operation of an ELF Oscillator", by James
    F. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.


      "A Physical Interpretation of the Colorado Springs Data", by James F.
==FOOTNOTES==
    Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.


      "Critical Speculations Concerning Tesla's Invention and  Applications
    of  Single  Electrode X-Ray Directed Discharges for  Power  Processing,
    Terrestrial Resonances and Particle Beam Weapons" by James F. Corum and
    Kenneth L. Corum.


1.  Tesla  Said,  Compiled by John T.  Ratzlaff,  Tesla  Book  Company,
Millbrae, CA, 1984.


    FOOTNOTES
2.  Dr.  Nikola Tesla: Selected Patent Wrappers, compiled  by  John  T.
Ratzlaff, Tesla Book Company, 1980, Vol. I, Pg. 128.


3.  "The  Disturbing  Influence  of Solar  Radiation  on  the  Wireless
Transmission  of  Energy", by Nikola Tesla, Electrical Review, July  6,
1912, PP. 34, 35.


    1.  Tesla  Said, Compiled by John T. Ratzlaff, Tesla Book  Company,
4.  "The Effect of Static on Wireless Transmission", by  Nikola Tesla,
    Millbrae, CA, 1984.
Electrical Experimenter, January 1919, PP. 627, 658.


    2. Dr.  Nikola Tesla: Selected Patent Wrappers, compiled by  John  T.
5. Tesla Primer and Handbook, Dr. James T. Corum and Kenneth L.  Corum,
    Ratzlaff, Tesla Book Company, 1980, Vol. I, Pg. 128.
unpublished. Corum and Associates, 8551 ST Rt 534, Windsor, Ohio 44099


    3.  "The Disturbing Influence of Solar Radiation  on  the  Wireless
6.  Colorado Springs Notes, 1899 - 1900, Nikola Tesla, Nikola Tesla
    Transmission  of  Energy", by Nikola Tesla, Electrical Review, July  6,
Museum, Beograd, Yugoslavia, 1978, Pg. 62.
    1912, PP. 34, 35.


    4. "The Effect of Static on Wireless Transmission", by  Nikola  Tesla,
7. Van Nostrands Scientific Encylopedia, Fith Edition, Pg. 899.
    Electrical Experimenter, January 1919, PP. 627, 658.


    5. Tesla Primer and Handbook, Dr. James T. Corum and Kenneth L.  Corum,
8. "PC Monitors Lightning Worldwide", Davis D. Sentman,  Computers in
    unpublished.  Corum and Associates, 8551 ST Rt 534, Windsor, Ohio 44099
Science, Premiere Issue, 1987.


    6.  Colorado Springs Notes, 1899 - 1900, Nikola Tesla,  Nikola  Tesla
9.  "Artificially Stimulated Resonance of the Earth's Schumann  Cavity
    Museum, Beograd, Yugoslavia, 1978, Pg. 62.
Waveguide", Toby  Grotz, Proceedings of the  Third  International  New
Energy  Technology  Symposium/Exhibition, June 25th-28th,  1988,  Hull,
Quebec, Planetary  Association  for Clean  Energy, 191  Promenade  du
Portage/600, Hull, Quebec  J8X 2K6 Canada


    7. Van Nostrands Scientific Encylopedia, Fith Edition, Pg. 899.


    8.  "PC Monitors Lightning Worldwide", Davis D. Sentman,  Computers  in
FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT TESLA
    Science, Premiere Issue, 1987.


    9.  "Artificially Stimulated Resonance of the Earth's  Schumann  Cavity
    Waveguide",  Toby  Grotz, Proceedings of the  Third  International  New
    Energy  Technology  Symposium/Exhibition, June 25th-28th,  1988,  Hull,
    Quebec,  Planetary  Association  for Clean  Energy,  191  Promenade  du
    Portage/600, Hull, Quebec  J8X 2K6 Canada


The Tesla Memorial SocietyThe Tesla Coil Builders Association
% Nicholas Kosanovich % Harry Goldman
453 Martin Road  RD #6 Box 181
Lackawanna, NY 14218  Glenns Falls, NY 12801\
(716) 822-0281(518 792-1003


    FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT TESLA


The Tesla Book CompanyHigh Voltage Press
PO Box 1649  PO Box 532
Greenville, TX 75401  Claremont, CA 91711


    The Tesla Memorial Society        The Tesla Coil Builders Association
    % Nicholas Kosanovich            % Harry Goldman
    453 Martin Road                  RD #6 Box 181
    Lackawanna, NY 14218              Glenns Falls, NY 12801\
    (716) 822-0281                    (518 792-1003


==ABOUT THE AUTHOR==


    The Tesla Book Company            High Voltage Press
    PO Box 1649                      PO Box 532
    Greenville, TX 75401              Claremont, CA 91711


Mr.  Grotz, is an electrical engineer and has 15 years experience  in
the field of geophysics, aerospace and industrial research and  design.
While  working  for  the  Geophysical  Services  Division  of  Texas
Instruments  and  at the University of Texas at Dallas, Mr.  Grotz  was
introduced  to  and worked with the geophysical concepts which  are  of
importance  to  the proposed project.  As a Senior Engineer  at  Martin
Marietta,  Mr.  Grotz  designed  and  supervised  the  construction  of
industrial  process control systems and designed and built devices  and
equipment  for  use in research and development and for  testing  space
flight  hardware.  Mr.  Grotz organized and  chaired  the  1984  Tesla
Centennial Symposium and the 1986 International Tesla Symposium and was
President  of  the  International  Tesla  Society,  a  not  for  profit
corporation formed as a result the first symposium.  As Project Manager
for Project Tesla, Mr. Grotz aided in the design and construction of  a
recreation of the equipment Nikola Tesla used for wireless transmission
of  power experiments in 1899 in Colorado Springs.  Mr. Grotz  received
his B.S.E.E. from the University of Connecticut in 1973.


    ABOUT THE AUTHOR
{{article summary
| image = Category Nikola Tesla.png
| title = {{TITLE}}
| summary = Many  researchers have speculated on the meaning of the phrase  "non-Hertzian waves" as used by Dr. Nikola Tesla.  Dr. Tesla first began  to use this term in the mid 1890's in order to explain his proposed system for the wireless transmission of electrical power.  In fact, it was not until the distinction between the method that Heinrich Hertz was  using and  the  system  Dr. Tesla had designed, that Dr. Tesla  was  able  to receive the endorsement of the renowned physicist, Lord Kelvin.
}}


 
[[Category:Conspiracies]]
      Mr.  Grotz, is an electrical engineer and has 15 years experience  in
[[Category:Conspiracy BBS Archive]]
    the field of geophysics, aerospace and industrial research and  design.
[[Category:Nikola Tesla]]
    While  working  for  the  Geophysical  Services  Division  of  Texas
[[Category:Alternate Energy]]
    Instruments  and  at the University of Texas at Dallas, Mr.  Grotz  was
    introduced  to  and worked with the geophysical concepts which  are  of
    importance  to  the proposed project.  As a Senior Engineer  at  Martin
    Marietta,  Mr.  Grotz  designed  and  supervised  the  construction  of
    industrial  process control systems and designed and built devices  and
    equipment  for  use in research and development and for  testing  space
    flight  hardware.  Mr.  Grotz organized and  chaired  the  1984  Tesla
    Centennial Symposium and the 1986 International Tesla Symposium and was
    President  of  the  International  Tesla  Society,  a  not  for  profit
    corporation formed as a result the first symposium.  As Project Manager
    for Project Tesla, Mr. Grotz aided in the design and construction of  a
    recreation of the equipment Nikola Tesla used for wireless transmission
    of  power experiments in 1899 in Colorado Springs.  Mr. Grotz  received
    his B.S.E.E. from the University of Connecticut in 1973.
 
 
 
</pre>
  received
    his B.S.E.E. from the University of Connecticut in 1973.

Latest revision as of 17:08, 3 September 2025

Conspiracy BBS Archive/theory1
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Author: Unknown
Date: Unknown
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Case File: Nikola Tesla Main Page

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF POWER

Resonating Planet Earth


by

Toby Grotz


Theoretical Electromagnetic Studies and Learning Association, Inc.
522 West Third Street
Leadville, CO 80461
(719) 486-0133

Abstract

[edit | edit source]

Many researchers have speculated on the meaning of the phrase "non-Hertzian waves" as used by Dr. Nikola Tesla. Dr. Tesla first began to use this term in the mid 1890's in order to explain his proposed system for the wireless transmission of electrical power. In fact, it was not until the distinction between the method that Heinrich Hertz was using and the system Dr. Tesla had designed, that Dr. Tesla was able to receive the endorsement of the renowned physicist, Lord Kelvin.1

To this day, however, there exists a confusion amongs researchers, experimentalists, popular authors and laymen as to the meaning of non- Hertzian waves and the method Dr. Tesla was promoting for the wireless transmission of power. In this paper, the terms pertinent to wireless transmission of power will be explained and the methods being used by present researchers in a recreation of the Tesla's 1899 Colorado Springs experiments will be defined.


Early Theories of Electromagnetic Propagation

[edit | edit source]

In pre-World War I physics, scientists postulated a number of theories to explain the propagation of electromagnetic energy through the ether. There were three popular theories present in the literature of the late 1800's and early 1900's. They were:

1. Transmission through or along the Earth, 2. Propagation as a result of terrestrial resonances, 3. Coupling to the ionosphere using propagation through electrified gases.

We shall concern our examination at this time to the latter two theories as they were both used by Dr. Tesla at various times to explain his system of wireless transmission of power. It should be noted, however, that the first theory was supported by Fritz Lowenstein, the first vice-president of the Institute of Radio Engineers, a man who had the enviable experience of assisting Dr. Tesla during the Colorado Springs experiments of 1899. Lowenstein presented what came to be known as the "gliding wave" theory of electromagnetic radiation and propagation during a lecture before the IRE in 1915. (Fig. 1)

Dr. Tesla delivered lectures to the Franklin Institute at Philadelphia, in February, 1983, and to the National Electric Light Association in St. Louis, in March, 1983, concerning electromagnetic wave propagation. The theory presented in those lectures proposed that the Earth could be considered as a conducting sphere and that it could support a large electrical charge. Dr. Tesla proposed to disturb the charge distribution on the surface of the Earth and record the period of the resulting oscillations as the charge returned to its state of equilibrium. The problem of a single charged sphere had been analyzed at that time by J.J. Thompson and A.G. Webster in a treatise entitled "The Spherical Oscillator." This was the beginning of an examination of what we may call the science of terrestrial resonances, culminating in the 1950's and 60's with the engineering of VLF radio systems and the research and discoveries of W.O. Schumann and J.R. Waite.

The second method of energy propagation proposed by Dr. Tesla was that of the propagation of electrical energy through electrified gases. Dr. Tesla experimented with the use of high frequency RF currents to examine the properties of gases over a wide range of pressures. It was determined by Dr. Tesla that air under a partial vacuum could conduct high frequency electrical currents as well or better than copper wires. If a transmitter could be elevated to a level where the air pressure was on the order of 75 to 130 millimeters in pressure and an excitation of megavolts was applied, it was theorized that;

"...the air will serve as a conductor for the current produced, and the latter will be transmitted through the air with, it may be, even less resistance than through an ordinary copper wire".2 (Fig. 2) Resonating Planet Earth

Dr. James T. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum, in chapter two of their soon to be published book, A Tesla Primer, point out a number of statements made by Dr. Tesla which indicate that he was using resonator fields and transmission line modes.

1. When he speaks of tuning his apparatus until Hertzian radiations have been eliminated, he is referring to using ELF vibrations: "...the Hertzian effect has gradually been reduced through the lowering of frequency."3

2. "...the energy received does not diminish with the square of the distance, as it should, since the Hertzian radiation propagates in a hemisphere."3

3. He apparently detected resonator or standing wave modes: "...my discovery of the wonderful law governing the movement of electricity through the globe...the projection of the wavelengths (measured along the surface) on the earth's diameter or axis of symmetry...are all equal."3

4. "We are living on a conducting globe surrounded by a thin layer of insulating air, above which is a rarefied and conducting atmosphere...The Hertz waves represent energy which is radiated and unrecoverable. The current energy, on the other hand, is preserved and can be recovered, theoretically at least, in its entirety."4

As Dr. Corum points out, "The last sentence seems to indicate that Tesla's Colorado Springs experiments could be properly interpreted as characteristic of a wave-guide probe in a cavity resonator."5 This was in fact what led Dr. Tesla to report a measurement which to this day is not understood and has led many to erroneously assume that he was dealing with faster than light velocities.


The Controversial Measurement;

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It does not indicate faster than light velocity

The mathematical models and experimental data used by Schumann and Waite to describe ELF transmission and propagation are complex and beyond the scope of this paper. Dr. James F. Corum, Kenneth L. Corum and Dr. A-Hamid Aidinejad have, however, in a series of papers presented at the 1984 Tesla Centennial Symposium and the 1986 International Tesla Symposium, applied the experimental values obtained by Dr. Tesla during his Colorado Springs experiments to the models and equations used by Schumann and Waite. The results of this exercise have proved that the Earth and the surrounding atmosphere can be used as a cavity resonator for the wireless transmission of electrical power. (Fig. 3)

Dr. Tesla reported that .08484 seconds was the time that a pulse emitted from his laboratory took to propagate to the opposite side of the planet and to return. From this statement many have assumed that his transmissions exceeded the speed of light and many esoteric and fallacious theories and publications have been generated. As Corum and Aidinejad point out, in their 1986 paper, "The Transient Propagation of ELF Pulses in the Earth Ionosphere Cavity", this measurement represents the coherence time of the Earth cavity resonator system. This is also known to students of radar systems as a determination of the range dependent parameter. The accompanying diagrams from Corum's and Aidinejad's paper graphically illustrate the point. (Fig. 3 & Fig. 4)

We now turn to a description of the methods to be used to build, as Dr. Tesla did in 1899, a cavity resonator for the wireless transmission of electrical power.


PROJECT TESLA:

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The Wireless Transmission of Electrical Energy Using Schumann Resonance

It has been proven that electrical energy can be propagated around the world between the surface of the Earth and the ionosphere at extreme low frequencies in what is known as the Schumann Cavity. The Schumann cavity surrounds the Earth between ground level and extends upward to a maximum 80 kilometers. Experiments to date have shown that electromagnetic waves of extreme low frequencies in the range of 8 Hz, the fundamental Schumann Resonance frequency, propagate with little attenuation around the planet within the Schumann Cavity.

Knowing that a resonant cavity can be excited and that power can be delivered to that cavity similar to the methods used in microwave ovens for home use, it should be possible to resonate and deliver power via the Schumann Cavity to any point on Earth. This will result in practical wireless transmission of electrical power.


Background

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Although it was not until 1954-1959 when experimental measurements were made of the frequency that is propagated in the resonant cavity surrounding the Earth, recent analysis shows that it was Nikola Tesla who, in 1899, first noticed the existence of stationary waves in the Schumann cavity. Tesla's experimental measurements of the wave length and frequency involved closely match Schumann's theoretical calculations. Some of these observations were made in 1899 while Tesla was monitoring the electromagnetic radiations due to lightning discharges in a thunderstorm which passed over his Colorado Springs laboratory and then moved more than 200 miles eastward across the plains. In his Colorado Springs Notes, Tesla noted that these stationary waves "... can be produced with an oscillator," and added in parenthesis, "This is of immense importance."6 The importance of his observations is due to the support they lend to the prime objective of the Colorado Springs laboratory. The intent of the experiments and the laboratory Tesla had constructed was to prove that wireless transmission of electrical power was possible.

Schumann Resonance is analogous to pushing a pendulum. The intent of Project Tesla is to create pulses or electrical disturbances that would travel in all directions around the Earth in the thin membrane of non- conductive air between the ground and the ionosphere. The pulses or waves would follow the surface of the Earth in all directions expanding outward to the maximum circumference of the Earth and contracting inward until meeting at a point opposite to that of the transmitter. This point is called the anti-pode. The traveling waves would be reflected back from the anti-pode to the transmitter to be reinforced and sent out again.

At the time of his measurements Tesla was experimenting with and researching methods for "...power transmission and transmission of intelligible messages to any point on the globe." Although Tesla was not able to commercially market a system to transmit power around the globe, modern scientific theory and mathematical calculations support his contention that the wireless propagation of electrical power is possible and a feasible alternative to the extensive and costly grid of electrical transmission lines used today for electrical power distribution.


The Need for a Wireless System of Energy Transmission

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A great concern has been voiced in recent years over the extensive use of energy, the limited supply of resources, and the pollution of the environment from the use of present energy conversion systems. Electrical power accounts for much of the energy consumed. Much of this power is wasted during transmission from power plant generators to the consumer. The resistance of the wire used in the electrical grid distribution system causes a loss of 26-30% of the energy generated. This loss implies that our present system of electrical distribution is only 70-74% efficient.

A system of power distribution with little or no loss would conserve energy. It would reduce pollution and expenses resulting from the need to generate power to overcome and compensate for losses in the present grid system.

The proposed project would demonstrate a method of energy distribution calculated to be 90-94% efficient. An electrical distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers.

There are areas of the world where the need for electrical power exists, yet there is no method for delivering power. Africa is in need of power to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sahara Desert. Rural areas, such as those in China, require the electrical power necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations.

As first proposed by Buckminster Fuller, wireless transmission of power would enable world wide distribution of off peak demand capacity. This concept is based on the fact that some nations, especially the United States, have the capacity to generate much more power than is needed. This situation is accentuated at night. The greatest amount of power used, the peak demand, is during the day. The extra power available during the night could be sold to the side of the planet where it is day time. Considering the huge capacity of power plants in the United States, this system would provide a saleable product which could do much to aid our balance of payments.


MARKET ANALYSIS 


 Of  the  56  billion  dollars  spent for  research  by  the  the  U.S

government in 1987, 64% was for military purposes, only 8% was spent on energy related research. More efficient energy distribution systems and sources are needed by both developed and under developed nations. In regards to Project Tesla, the market for wireless power transmission systems is enormous. It has the potential to become a multi-billion dollar per year market.


Market Size

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The increasing demand for electrical energy in industrial nations is well documented. If we include the demand of third world nations, pushed by their increasing rate of growth, we could expect an even faster rise in the demand for electrical power in the near future.

In 1971, nine industrialized nations, (with 25 percent of the world's population), used 690 million kilowatts, 76 percent of all power generated. The rest of the world used only 218 million kilowatts. By comparison, China generated only 17 million kilowatts and India generated only 15 million kilowatts (less than two percent each).7 If a conservative assumption was made that the three-quarters of the world which is only using one-quarter of the current power production were to eventually consume as much as the first quarter, then an additional 908 million kilowatts will be needed. The demand for electrical power will continue to increase with the industrialization of the world.


Market Projections

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The Energy Information Agency (EIA), based in Washington, D.C., reported the 1985 net generation of electric power to be 2,489 billion kilowatt hours. At a conservative sale price of $.04 per kilowatt hour that results in a yearly income of 100 billion dollars. The EIA also reported that the 1985 capacity according to generator name plates to be 656,118 million watts. This would result in a yearly output of 5,740 billion kilowatt hours at 100% utilization. What this means is that we use only about 40% of the power we can generate (an excess capability of 3,251 billion kilowatt hours).

Allowing for down time and maintenance and the fact that the night time off peak load is available, it is possible that half of the excess power generation capability could be utilized. If 1,625 billion kilowatt hours were sold yearly at $.06/kilowatt, income would total 9.7 billion dollars.


=Project Tesla:

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Objectives

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The objectives of Project Tesla are divided into three areas of investigation.

1. Demonstration that the Schumann Cavity can be resonated with an open air, vertical dipole antenna; 2. Measurement of power insertion losses; 3. Measurement of power retrieval losses, locally and at a distance.


Methods

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A full size, 51 foot diameter, air core, radio frequency resonating coil and a unique 130 foot tower, insulated 30 feet above ground, have been constructed and are operational at an elevation of approximately 11,000 feet. This system was originally built by Robert Golka in 1973- 1974 and used until 1982 by the United States Air Force at Wendover AFB in Wendover, Utah. The USAF used the coil for simulating natural lightning for testing and hardening fighter aircraft. The system has a capacity of over 600 kilowatts. The coil, which is the largest part of the system, has already been built, tested, and is operational.

A location at a high altitude is initially advantageous for reducing atmospheric losses which work against an efficient coupling to the Schumann Cavity. The high frequency, high voltage output of the coil will be half wave rectified using a uniquely designed single electrode X-ray tube. The X-ray tube will be used to charge a 130 ft. tall, vertical tower which will function to provide a vertical current moment. The mast is topped by a metal sphere 30 inches in diameter. X-rays emitted from the tube will ionize the atmosphere between the Tesla coil and the tower. This will result in a low resistance path causing all discharges to flow from the coil to the tower. A circulating current of 1,000 amperes in the system will create an ionization and corona causing a large virtual electrical capacitance in the medium surrounding the sphere. The total charge around the tower will be in the range of between 200-600 coulombs. Discharging the tower 7-8 times per second through a fixed or rotary spark gap will create electrical disturbances, which will resonantly excite the Schumann Cavity, and propagate around the entire Earth.

The propagated wave front will be reflected from the antipode back to the transmitter site. The reflected wave will be reinforced and again radiated when it returns to the transmitter. As a result, an oscillation will be established and maintained in the Schumann Cavity. The loss of power in the cavity has been estimated to be about 6% per round trip. If the same amount of power is delivered to the cavity on each cycle of oscillation of the transmitter, there will be a net energy gain which will result in a net voltage, or amplitude increase. This will result in reactive energy storage in the cavity. As long as energy is delivered to the cavity, the process will continue until the energy is removed by heating, lightning discharges, or as is proposed by this project, loading by tuned circuits at distant locations for power distribution.

The resonating cavity field will be detected by stations both in the United States and overseas. These will be staffed by engineers and scientists who have agreed to participate in the experiment.

Measurement of power insertion and retrieval losses will be made at the transmitter site and at distant receiving locations. Equipment constructed especially for measurement of low frequency electromagnetic waves will be employed to measure the effectiveness of using the Schumann Cavity as a means of electrical power distribution. The detection equipment used by project personnel will consist of a pick up coil and industry standard low noise, high gain operational amplifiers and active band pass filters.

In addition to project detection there will be a record of the experiment recorded by a network of monitoring stations that have been set up specifically to monitor electromagnetic activity in the Schumann Cavity.


Evaluation Procedure

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The project will be evaluated by an analysis of the data provided by local and distant measurement stations. The output of the transmitter will produce a 7-8 Hz sine wave as a result of the discharges from the antenna. The recordings made by distant stations will be time synchronized to ensure that the data received is a result of the operation of the transmitter.

Power insertion and retrieval losses will be analyzed after the measurements taken during the transmission are recorded. Attenuation, field strength, and cavity Q will be calculated using the equations presented in Dr. Corum's papers. These papers are noted in the references. If recorded results indicate power can be efficiently coupled into or transmitted in the Schumann Cavity, a second phase of research involving power reception will be initiated.


Environmental Considerations

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The extreme low frequencies (ELF), present in the environment have several origins. The time varying magnetic fields produced as a result of solar and lunar influences on ionospheric currents are on the order of 30 nanoteslas. The largest time varying fields are those generated by solar activity and thunderstorms. These magnetic fields reach a maximum of 0.5 microteslas (uT) The magnetic fields produced as a result of lightning discharges in the Schumann Cavity peak at 7, 14, 20 and 26 Hz. The magnetic flux densities associated with these resonant frequencies vary from 0.25 to 3.6 picoteslas. per root hertz (pT/Hz1/2).

Exposure to man made sources of ELF can be up to 1 billion (1000 million or 1 x 109) times stronger than that of naturally occurring fields. Household appliances operated at 60 Hz can produce fields as high as 2.5 mT. The field under a 765 kV, 60 Hz power line carrying 1 amp per phase is 15 uT. ELF antennae systems that are used for submarine communication produce fields of 20 uT. Video display terminals produce fields of 2 uT, 1,000,000 times the strength of the Schumann Resonance frequencies.9

Project Tesla will use a 150 kw generator to excite the Schumann cavity. Calculations predict that the field strength due to this excitation at 7.8 Hz will be on the order of 46 picoteslas.


Future Objectives

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The successful resonating of the Schumann Cavity and wireless transmission of power on a small scale resulting in proof of principle will require a second phase of engineering, the design of receiving stations. On completion of the second phase, the third and fourth phases of the project involving further tests and improvements and a large scale demonstration project will be pursued to prove commercial feasibility. Total cost from proof of principle to commercial prototype is expected to total $3 million. Interest in participation in this project may be directed to the author.


REFERENCES

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The following four papers were presented at the 1984 Tesla Centennial Symposium and the 1986 International Tesla Symposium.

"The Transient Propagation of ELF Pulses in the Earth-Ionosphere Cavity", by A-Ahamid Aidinejad and James F. Corum.

"Disclosures Concerning the Operation of an ELF Oscillator", by James F. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.

"A Physical Interpretation of the Colorado Springs Data", by James F. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.

"Critical Speculations Concerning Tesla's Invention and Applications of Single Electrode X-Ray Directed Discharges for Power Processing, Terrestrial Resonances and Particle Beam Weapons" by James F. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.


FOOTNOTES

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1. Tesla Said, Compiled by John T. Ratzlaff, Tesla Book Company, Millbrae, CA, 1984.

2. Dr. Nikola Tesla: Selected Patent Wrappers, compiled by John T. Ratzlaff, Tesla Book Company, 1980, Vol. I, Pg. 128.

3. "The Disturbing Influence of Solar Radiation on the Wireless Transmission of Energy", by Nikola Tesla, Electrical Review, July 6, 1912, PP. 34, 35.

4. "The Effect of Static on Wireless Transmission", by Nikola Tesla, Electrical Experimenter, January 1919, PP. 627, 658.

5. Tesla Primer and Handbook, Dr. James T. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum, unpublished. Corum and Associates, 8551 ST Rt 534, Windsor, Ohio 44099

6. Colorado Springs Notes, 1899 - 1900, Nikola Tesla, Nikola Tesla Museum, Beograd, Yugoslavia, 1978, Pg. 62.

7. Van Nostrands Scientific Encylopedia, Fith Edition, Pg. 899.

8. "PC Monitors Lightning Worldwide", Davis D. Sentman, Computers in Science, Premiere Issue, 1987.

9. "Artificially Stimulated Resonance of the Earth's Schumann Cavity Waveguide", Toby Grotz, Proceedings of the Third International New Energy Technology Symposium/Exhibition, June 25th-28th, 1988, Hull, Quebec, Planetary Association for Clean Energy, 191 Promenade du Portage/600, Hull, Quebec J8X 2K6 Canada


FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT TESLA


The Tesla Memorial SocietyThe Tesla Coil Builders Association % Nicholas Kosanovich % Harry Goldman 453 Martin Road RD #6 Box 181 Lackawanna, NY 14218 Glenns Falls, NY 12801\ (716) 822-0281(518 792-1003


The Tesla Book CompanyHigh Voltage Press PO Box 1649 PO Box 532 Greenville, TX 75401 Claremont, CA 91711


ABOUT THE AUTHOR

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Mr. Grotz, is an electrical engineer and has 15 years experience in the field of geophysics, aerospace and industrial research and design. While working for the Geophysical Services Division of Texas Instruments and at the University of Texas at Dallas, Mr. Grotz was introduced to and worked with the geophysical concepts which are of importance to the proposed project. As a Senior Engineer at Martin Marietta, Mr. Grotz designed and supervised the construction of industrial process control systems and designed and built devices and equipment for use in research and development and for testing space flight hardware. Mr. Grotz organized and chaired the 1984 Tesla Centennial Symposium and the 1986 International Tesla Symposium and was President of the International Tesla Society, a not for profit corporation formed as a result the first symposium. As Project Manager for Project Tesla, Mr. Grotz aided in the design and construction of a recreation of the equipment Nikola Tesla used for wireless transmission of power experiments in 1899 in Colorado Springs. Mr. Grotz received his B.S.E.E. from the University of Connecticut in 1973.

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