Operation Paperclip/List of Relocated Germans: Difference between revisions

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Created page with "'''Operation Paperclip''' was a secret United States intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from the former Nazi Germany to the U.S. for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe, between 1945 and 1959. Conducted by the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA), it was largely carried out by special agents of the United States Army|U.S. Ar..."
 
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==Key recruits==
==Key recruits==
;[[Aeronautics]] and [[rocket]]ry
==Aeronautics and Rocketry==


Many engineers had been involved with the [[V-2 rocket|V-2]] in [[Peenemünde Army Research Center|Peenemünde]], and 127 of them eventually entered the U.S. through Operation Paperclip. They were also known as the Von Braun Group.<ref name="nyt3">{{cite news |work=The New York Times |title=Konrad Dannenberg, 96, Top Rocket Scientist, Dies |first=Jeremy |last=Pearce |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/23/us/23dannenberg.html |date=February 23, 2009}}</ref>
Many engineers had been involved with the [[V-2 rocket|V-2]] in [[Peenemünde Army Research Center|Peenemünde]], and 127 of them eventually entered the U.S. through Operation Paperclip. They were also known as the Von Braun Group.


{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
: [[Hans Amtmann]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Hans-H.-Amtmann/e/B001KMFDZ4|first=Hans|last= Amtmann |author-link=Hans Amtmann|title=The Vanishing Paperclips: America's Aerospace Secret, A Personal Account|date=May 1, 1988}}</ref>  
: [[Hans Amtmann]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Hans-H.-Amtmann/e/B001KMFDZ4|first=Hans|last= Amtmann |author-link=Hans Amtmann|title=The Vanishing Paperclips: America's Aerospace Secret, A Personal Account|date=May 1, 1988}}</ref>  
: [[Herbert Axster]]
: [[Herbert Axster]]
Line 100: Line 99:
: Ludwig Roth<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/r/roth.html |title=Roth }}</ref>
: Ludwig Roth<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/r/roth.html |title=Roth }}</ref>
: Heinrich Rothe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/r/rothe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228025429/http://astronautix.com/r/rothe.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Rothe|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>
: Heinrich Rothe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/r/rothe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228025429/http://astronautix.com/r/rothe.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Rothe|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>
: {{ill|Friedrich von Saurma|de}}
: Friedrich von Saurma
: Martin Schilling<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/schilling.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228025521/http://astronautix.com/s/schilling.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Schilling|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>
: Martin Schilling<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/schilling.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228025521/http://astronautix.com/s/schilling.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Schilling|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>
: Helmut Schlitt<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/schlitt.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228155347/http://astronautix.com/s/schlitt.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Schlitt|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>
: Helmut Schlitt<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/schlitt.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228155347/http://astronautix.com/s/schlitt.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Schlitt|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>
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{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


;[[Architecture]]
==Architecture==
: [[Heinz Hilten]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al.com/news/huntsville/2016/01/rare_architects_drawings_show.html|title=Rare architect's drawings show Huntsville's change from cotton town to Rocket City|first=Lee|last=Roop|date=January 26, 2016|website=al.com}}</ref>
: [[Heinz Hilten]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al.com/news/huntsville/2016/01/rare_architects_drawings_show.html|title=Rare architect's drawings show Huntsville's change from cotton town to Rocket City|first=Lee|last=Roop|date=January 26, 2016|website=al.com}}</ref>
: Hannes Luehrsen<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/l/luehrsen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227234418/http://astronautix.com/l/luehrsen.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Luehrsen|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>
: Hannes Luehrsen<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/l/luehrsen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227234418/http://astronautix.com/l/luehrsen.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|title=Luehrsen|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>


;[[Electronics]] – including [[guidance systems]], [[radar]] and [[satellites]]
==Electronics – including guidance systems, radar and satellites==
{{Div col|colwidth=12em}}
 
: {{ill|Wilhelm Angele|de}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/01/us/wilhelm-angele-91-engineer-in-space-program.html|title=Wilhelm Angele, 91, Engineer in Space Program|first=Wolfgang|last=Saxon|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 1, 1996}}</ref>  
: {{ill|Wilhelm Angele|de}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/01/us/wilhelm-angele-91-engineer-in-space-program.html|title=Wilhelm Angele, 91, Engineer in Space Program|first=Wolfgang|last=Saxon|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 1, 1996}}</ref>  
: {{ill|Ernst Baars|de}}
: {{ill|Ernst Baars|de}}
Line 182: Line 181:
: [[Hans K. Ziegler]]
: [[Hans K. Ziegler]]
: Helmut Zoike
: Helmut Zoike
{{div col end}}


;[[Material Science]] (high temperature)
 
==Material Science (high temperature)==
: [[Werner Osenberg]]{{citation-needed|date=January 2025}}
: [[Werner Osenberg]]{{citation-needed|date=January 2025}}
: Klaus Scheufelen<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/scheufelen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228024758/http://astronautix.com/s/scheufelen.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Scheufelen|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>  
: Klaus Scheufelen<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/scheufelen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228024758/http://astronautix.com/s/scheufelen.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Scheufelen|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>  
: Rudolf Schlidt<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/schlidt.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228060135/http://astronautix.com/s/schlidt.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Schlidt|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>
: Rudolf Schlidt<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/schlidt.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228060135/http://astronautix.com/s/schlidt.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Schlidt|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>


;[[Medicine]] – including [[biological weapons]], [[chemical weapons]], and [[space medicine]]
==Medicine – including [[Biological Warfare Main Page|biological weapons]], chemical weapons, and space medicine==
{{Div col|colwidth=12em}}
 
: {{ill|Theodor Benzinger|de}}
: {{ill|Theodor Benzinger|de}}
: [[Rudolf Brill]]
: [[Rudolf Brill]]
Line 202: Line 201:
: [[Hans Georg Clamann]]
: [[Hans Georg Clamann]]
: [[Erich Traub]]
: [[Erich Traub]]
{{div col end}}


;[[Physics]]
 
{{Div col|colwidth=12em}}
==Physics==
 
: Gunter Guttein
: Gunter Guttein
: [[Willibald Jentschke]]
: [[Willibald Jentschke]]
Line 212: Line 211:
: Helmut Weickmann<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/about/events/40thanniversary/talks/talks_ek.html|title=Historical Overview of NSSL: We build on the foundations established by our predecessors|website=www.nssl.noaa.gov}}</ref>
: Helmut Weickmann<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/about/events/40thanniversary/talks/talks_ek.html|title=Historical Overview of NSSL: We build on the foundations established by our predecessors|website=www.nssl.noaa.gov}}</ref>
: [[Friedwardt Winterberg]]
: [[Friedwardt Winterberg]]
{{div col end}}


;[[Chemistry]] and [[Chemical engineering]]
 
{{Div col|colwidth=12em}}
==Chemistry and Chemical engineering==
 
: Helmut Pichler
: Helmut Pichler
: Leonard Alberts
: Leonard Alberts
Line 224: Line 223:
: Kurt Bretschneider<ref name="Operation Paperclip : the secret in"/>  
: Kurt Bretschneider<ref name="Operation Paperclip : the secret in"/>  
: Erich Frese
: Erich Frese
{{div col end}}




Latest revision as of 22:43, 13 September 2025

Operation Paperclip was a secret United States intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from the former Nazi Germany to the U.S. for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe, between 1945 and 1959. Conducted by the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA), it was largely carried out by special agents of the U.S. Army's Counterintelligence Corps (CIC). Many of these Germans were former Nazi members and some worked with the leaders of the Nazi Party.[1][2] Template:-

Key recruits

[edit | edit source]

Aeronautics and Rocketry

[edit | edit source]

Many engineers had been involved with the V-2 in Peenemünde, and 127 of them eventually entered the U.S. through Operation Paperclip. They were also known as the Von Braun Group.

Hans Amtmann[3]
Herbert Axster
Erich Ball[4]
Oscar Bauschinger[5]
Hermann Beduerftig[6]
Rudi Beichel[7]
Anton Beier[8]
Herbert Bergeler[9]
Rudi Berndt, expert in parachute development[10]
Magnus von Braun
Wernher von Braun
Ernst Czerlinsky
Template:Ill
Walter Burose[11]
Adolf Busemann
GN Constan[12]
Werner Dahm[13]
Konrad Dannenberg[14]
Kurt H. Debus
Gerd De Beek[15]
Walter Dornberger – head of rocket programme
Gerhard Drawe[16]
Friedrich Duerr[17]
Ernst R. G. Eckert
Template:Ill[18]
Otto Eisenhardt[19]
Krafft Arnold Ehricke
Alfred Finzel[20]
Edward Fischel[21]
Karl Fleischer[22]
Anton Flettner
Anselm Franz
Herbert Fuhrmann[23]
Ernst Geissler
Werner Gengelbach[24]
Dieter Grau
Hans Gruene[25]
Herbert Guendel[26]
Fritz Haber[27]
Heinz Haber
Karl Hager[28]
Guenther Haukohl[29]
Walter Häussermann
Karl Heimburg[30]
Emil Hellebrand[31]
Gerhard B. Heller[32]
Bruno Helm[33]
Rudolf Hermann[34]
Bruno Heusinger[35][36]
Hans Hueter[37]
Guenther Hintze[38]
Sighard F. Hoerner
Kurt Hohenemser
Oscar Holderer
Helmut Horn[39]
Template:Ill, Director of Flight Dynamics, Marshall Space Flight Center[40]
Dieter Huzel[41]
Walter Jacobi
Erich Kaschig[42]
Ernst Klauss[43]
Theodore Knacke[44]
Siegfried Knemeyer
Heinz-Hermann Koelle
Gustav Kroll[45]
Willi Kuberg[46]
Werner Kuers[47]
Hermann Kurzweg[48]
Hermann Lange[49]
Hans Lindenberg[50]
Hans Lindenmayer[51]
Alexander Martin Lippisch – aeronautical engineer
Robert Lusser
Hans Maus[52]
Helmut Merk[53]
Joseph Michel[54]
Hans Milde[55]
Heinz Millinger[56]
Rudolf Minning[57]
William Mrazek[58]
Erich W. Neubert[59]
Hans von Ohain (designer of German jet engines)
Robert Paetz[60]
Hans Palaoro[61]
Kurt Patt[62]
Hans Paul[63]
Fritz Pauli[64]
Arnold Peter[65]
Helmuth Pfaff[66]
Theodor Poppel[67][68]
Werner Rosinski[69]
Ludwig Roth[70]
Heinrich Rothe[71]
Friedrich von Saurma
Martin Schilling[72]
Helmut Schlitt[73]
Albert Schuler[74]
Walter Schwidetzky[75]
Ernst Steinhoff
Wolfgang Steurer[76]
Heinrich Struck
Ernst Stuhlinger[77]
Bernhard Tessmann
Adolf Thiel
Georg von Tiesenhausen
Werner Tiller[78]
JG Tschinkel[79]
Arthur Urbanski[80]
Fritz Vandersee[81]
Richard Vogt
Woldemar Voigt, designer of Messerschmitt P.1101
Werner Voss[82]
Theodor Vowe[83]
Herbert A. Wagner
Hermann Rudolf Wagner[84]
Hermann Weidner[85]
Walter Fritz Wiesemann[86]
Philipp Wolfgang Zettler-Seidel[87]

Template:Div col end

Architecture

[edit | edit source]
Heinz Hilten[88]
Hannes Luehrsen[89]

Electronics – including guidance systems, radar and satellites

[edit | edit source]
Template:Ill[90]
Template:Ill
Josef Boehm[91]
Hans Fichtner
Hans Friedrich[92]
Eduard Gerber[93]
Template:Ill
Walter Haeussermann
Template:Ill[94][95]
Otto Hoberg[96]
Rudolf Hoelker[97]
Hans Hollmann
Helmut Hölzer
Helmut Horn
Wilhelm Jungert[98]
Horst Kedesdy[99]
Georg ("George") Emil Knausenberger
Heinz-Hermann Koelle
Max Kramer
Hubert E. Kroh[100]
Hermann H. Kurzweg [101]
Kurt Lehovec
Kurt Lindner[102]
Alexander Martin Lippisch
JW Muehlner[103]
Fritz Mueller[104]
William Mrazek
Hans R. Palaoro
Johannes Plendl
Fritz Karl Preikschat
Eberhard Rees
Gerhard Reisig[105]
Georg Rickhey[106]
Werner Rosinski [107]
Ludwig Roth
Arthur Rudolph
Walter Schwidetzky[108]
Harry Ruppe[109]
Friedrich von Saurma
William August Schulze[110]
Heinz Schlicke
Werner Sieber[111]
Othmar Stuetzer[112]
Albin Wittmann[113]
Hugo Woerdemann[114]
Albert Zeiler[115]
Hans K. Ziegler
Helmut Zoike


Material Science (high temperature)

[edit | edit source]
Werner OsenbergTemplate:Citation-needed
Klaus Scheufelen[116]
Rudolf Schlidt[117]

Medicine – including biological weapons, chemical weapons, and space medicine

[edit | edit source]
Template:Ill
Rudolf Brill
Konrad Johannes Karl Büttner
Paul Anton Cibis
Fritz Laves
Richard Lindenberg
Template:Ill
Walter Schreiber
Hubertus Strughold
Hans Georg Clamann
Erich Traub


Physics

[edit | edit source]
Gunter Guttein
Willibald Jentschke
Gerhard Schwesinger[118]
Gottfried Wehner
Helmut Weickmann[119]
Friedwardt Winterberg


Chemistry and Chemical engineering

[edit | edit source]
Helmut Pichler
Leonard Alberts
Ernst Donath
Josef Guymer[120]
Hans Schappert
Max Josenhaus
Kurt Bretschneider[120]
Erich Frese


References

[edit | edit source]

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "wikitext").

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