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Politics BBS Archive
 
Politics BBS Archive
 
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{{Infobox BBS
| image        = Archived-En.png
| file          = canada.hc
| author        = Unknown
| date          = Unknown
| subject      =
| orig_bbs      = Unknown
| bbs_main_page =
| key_words    = Politics
}}
 
<pre>
 
 
[[Category:Politics]]
 




{{Infobox BBS
{{Infobox BBS
| image        = Archived-En.png
| image        = Archived-En.png
| file          = canada.hc
| file          = canada.txt
| author        = Unknown
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| date          = Unknown
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Newsgroups: bit.listserv.words-l
CANADA                                                                         
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
GEOGRAPHY                                                                     
Message-ID: <01GTWG1NEDEE001H7J@camins.Camosun.BC.CA>
Total area: 9,976,140 km2; land area: 9,220,970 km2                           
Date: Sun, 24 Jan 1993 14:59:52 -0800
                                                                               
Sender: English Language Discussion Group <WORDS-L@uga.cc.uga.edu>
Comparative area: slightly larger than US                                     
From: Peter Montgomery <MONTGOMERY@CAMINS.CAMOSUN.BC.CA>
                                                                               
Subject: Official Canadian Document on Handicap Language: c 560 lines
Land boundaries: 8,893 km with US (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)             
Lines: 579
                                                                               
 
Coastline: 243,791 km                                                         
      A
                                                                               
 
Maritime claims:                                                              
          W A Y
Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;                    
 
                                                                               
                   with
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;                                               
 
                                                                               
                      W O R D S
Territorial sea: 12 nm                                                         
 
                                                                               
 
Disputes: maritime boundary disputes with France (Saint Pierre and             
 
Miquelon) and US                                                               
 
                                                                               
 
Climate: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in             
 
north                                                                         
      GUIDELINES AND APPROPRIATE TERMINOLOGY
                                                                               
    FOR THE PORTRAYAL OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in                    
 
southeast                                                                     
 
                                                                               
Separate Insert Sheet with Terminology List:
Natural resources: nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum,               
 
potash, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, crude oil, natural gas           
                   TERMINOLOGY    GUIDE
                                                                               
 
Land use: arable land 5%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and                   
      CONCERNING    PERSONS    WITH    DISABLITIES
pastures 3%; forest and woodland 35%; other 57%; includes NEGL%               
 
irrigated                                                                     
  Do not use or say              Do use or say
                                                                               
 
Environment: 80% of population concentrated within 160 km of US               
  Aged (The)                SENIORS
border; continuous permafrost in north a serious obstacle to development        
  elderly (The)            Adjectives like frail, senile or feeble
                                                                               
                            suggest a negative image of seniors
Note: second-largest country in world (after USSR); strategic                 
                            and should not be used.
location between USSR and US via north polar route                             
 
                                                                               
  Birth defect              PERSON WITH A DISABILITY SINCE
PEOPLE                                                                         
  congenital defect       BIRTH, PERSON WHO HAS A
Population: 26,835,036 (July 1991), growth rate 1.1% (1991)                    
  deformity                CONGENITAL DISABILITY
                                                                               
 
Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1991)                                 
  Blind (The)               PERSON WHO IS BLIND, PERSON
                                                                               
  visually impaired (the) WITH A VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)                                   
 
                                                                               
  Confined to a wheelchair  PERSON WHO USES A
Net migration rate: 5 migrants/1,000 population (1991)                         
  wheelchair bound        WHEELCHAIR, WHEELCHAIR USER
                                                                               
                            For individuals with a mobility
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)                       
                            impairment, a wheelchair is a
                                                                               
                            means to get around independently.
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 81 years female (1991)               
 
                                                                               
  Cripple                    PERSON WITH A DISABILITY,
Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1991)                          
  crippled                PERSON WITH A MOBILITY
                                                                               
  lame                    IMPAIRMENT, PERSON WHO
Nationality: noun--Canadian(s); adjective--Canadian                           
                            HAS ARTHRITIS, A SPINAL CORD
                                                                               
                            INJURY,ETC.
Ethnic divisions: British Isles origin 40%, French origin 27%,                 
 
other European 20%, indigenous Indian and Eskimo 1.5%                         
  Deaf (The)                 PERSON WHO IS DEAF
                                                                               
                            When referring to the entire deaf
Religion: Roman Catholic 46%, United Church 16%, Anglican 10%                 
                            population and their culture it is
                                                                               
                            acceptable to use "the deaf".
Language: English and French (both official)                                  
 
                                                                               
  Hard of hearing (The)     PERSON WHO IS HARD OF
Literacy: 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can                        
  hearing impaired (the)  HEARING
read and write (1981 est.)                                                    
                            These individuals are not  deaf  and
                                                                               
                            may compensate for  a  hearing  loss
Labor force: 13,380,000; services 75%, manufacturing 14%,                     
                            with an amplification device or
agriculture 4%, construction 3%, other 4% (1988)                               
                            system.
                                                                               
 
Organized labor: 30.6% of labor force; 39.6% of nonagricultural               
  Epileptic (The)           PERSON WHO HAS EPILEPSY
paid workers                                                                   
 
                                                                               
 
GOVERNMENT                                                                     
  Fit                       SEIZURE
Long-form name: none                                                           
 
                                                                               
  Hnadicapped (The)         PERSON WITH A DISABILITY
Type: confederation with parliamentary democracy                               
                            UNLESS REFERRING TO AN
                                                                               
                            ENVIRONMENTAL OR ATTITUDINAL BARRIER
Capital: Ottawa                                                               
                            In such instances "Person who is
                                                                               
                            handicapped by" is appropriate.
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces and 2 territories*; Alberta,              
 
British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland,                      
  Insane                    PERSONS WITH A MENTAL
Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island,           
  lunatic                  HEALTH DISABILITY, PERSON WHO
Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*                                         
  maniac                  HAS SCHIZOPHRENIA, PERSON
                                                                               
  mental patient          WHO HAS DEPRESSION
Independence: 1 July 1867 (from UK)                                           
  mentally diseased        It is important to remember that
                                                                               
  neurotic                the development of appropriate
Constitution: amended British North America Act 1867 patriated to             
  psycho                  terminology is still in progress;how-
Canada 17 April 1982; charter of rights and unwritten customs                 
  psychotic                ever, the above terms  are  currently
                                                                               
  schizophrenic            in use. The  term  "insane"  (unsound
Legal system: based on English common law, except in Quebec, where             
  unsound mind             mind) should only be used in strictly
civil law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ         
                            legal sense. Obviously, words  such
jurisdiction, with reservations                                               
                            as  "crazy", "demented",   "deviant"
                                                                               
                            "loony", "mad"  and  "nuts"  should
National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July (1867)                                   
                            be avoided.
                                                                               
 
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime                     
  Invalid                    PERSON WITH A DISABILITY
minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet                                       
                            The literal sense of the word
                                                                               
                            "invalid" is "not valid".
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an           
 
upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or House of Commons           
 
(Chambre des Communes)                                                         
  Mentally Retarded          PERSON WITH AN INTELLECTUAL
                                                                               
  defective                DISABILITY, PERSON WHO IS
Judicial branch: Supreme Court                                                 
  feeble minded            INTELLECTUALLY IMPAIRED
                                                                               
  idiot                    One can say, a person with
Leaders:                                                                       
  imbecile                Down's syndrome, only if relevant
                                                                               
  moron                    to the story.
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),                   
  retarded
represented by Governor General Raymond John HNATSHYN (since 29 January       
  simple
1990);                                                                         
  mongoloid
                                                                               
 
Head of Government--Prime Minister (Martin) Brian MULRONEY (since             
  Normal                    PERSON WHO IS NOT DISABLED
4 September 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Donald Frank MAZANKOWSKI (since       
                            Normal is only acceptable in refer-
NA June 1986)                                                                 
                            ence to statistics, e.g., "the norm".
                                                                               
 
Political parties and leaders:                                                 
  Patient                    PERSON WITH A DISABILITY
Progressive Conservative, Brian MULRONEY;                                     
                            Unless the relationship being referred
Liberal, Jean CHRETIEN;                                                       
                            to is between a doctor and client.
New Democratic, Audrey McLAUGHLIN                                             
 
                                                                               
  Physically challenged      PERSON WITH A DISABILITY
Suffrage: universal at age 18                                                 
  differently able
                                                                               
 
Elections:                                                                     
  Spastic                    PERSON WHO HAS SPASMS
                                                                               
                            Spastic should never be used as
House of Commons--last held 21 November 1988 (next to be                       
                            a noun.
held by November 1993);                                                       
 
results--Progressive Conservative 43.0%, Liberal 32%,                         
  Suffers from              PERSON WITH A DISABILITY,
New Democratic Party 20%, other 5%;                                           
  afflicted                PERSON WHO HAS CEREBRAL
seats--(295 total) Progressive Conservative 159, Liberal 80, New               
  stricken with            PALSY,ETC.
Democratic Party 44, independent 12                                           
                            Having a disability is not synony-
                                                                               
                            mous with suffering.
Communists: 3,000                                                             
 
                                                                               
  Victim of cerebral palsy  PERSON WHO HAS CEREBRAL
Member of: ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB,                             
  multiple sclerosis,      PALSY, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS,
BIS, C, CCC, CDB, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10,        
  arthritis, etc            ARTHRITIS, ETC., PERSON
GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,       
                            WITH A DISABILITY, PERSON
IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,             
                            WITH A MOBILITY IMPAIRMENT
LORCS, NATO, NEA, OAS, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP,         
 
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO,                       
    A
WTO                                                                           
    WAY
                                                                               
    WITH
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Derek BURNEY; Chancery at               
    WORDS
1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202)             
    Guidelines and appropriate
785-1400; there are Canadian Consulates General in Atlanta, Boston,           
    terminology for the portrayal
Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis,       
    of persons with disabilities
New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Seattle;                           
 
                                                                               
    Produced by
US--Ambassador Edward N. NEY; Embassy at 100 Wellington Street,               
    Status of Disabled Persons Secretariat
K1P 5T1, Ottawa (mailing address is P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY             
    Department of the Secretary of State
13669-0430); telephone (613) 248-25256, 25106, 25271, and 25170; there         
       of Canada
are US Consulates General in Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto,      
    Ottawa, Ontario
and Vancouver                                                                 
    KlA OM5
                                                                               
    (819) 997-2412 (VOICE and TDD)
Flag: three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double                 
 
width, square), and red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band       
    This booklet is available in alternate media format.
                                                                               
    Ce guide est egalement disponible en francais.
ECONOMY                                                                       
 
Overview: As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada                 
    c Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1991
today closely resembles the US in per capita output, market-oriented           
    Cat No. S2-216/1991 E
economic system, and pattern of production. Since World War II the             
    ISBN 0-662-18713-X
impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has       
 
transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily         
 
industrial and urban. In the 1980s Canada registered one of the highest       
    I N T R O D U C T I 0 N
rates of real growth among the OECD nations, averaging about 3.2%. With       
 
its great natural resources, skilled labor force, and modern capital           
    Language is a powerful and  important  tool  in
plant, Canada has excellent economic prospects. In mid-1990, however, the     
  shaping  ideas, perceptions,   and   ultimately,
long-simmering problems between English- and French-speaking areas             
  public attitudes.
became so acute that observers spoke openly of a possible split in the        
 
confederation; foreign investors were becoming edgy.                          
  Words are a mirror  of  society's  attitudes  and
                                                                               
  perceptions. Attitudes can  be  the  most  diffi-
GDP: $516.7 billion, per capita $19,500; real growth rate 0.9%                 
  cult barrier persons with disabilities must  face
(1990)                                                                         
  in  gaining  full  integration, acceptance  and
                                                                               
  participation in society.
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.8% (1990)                                 
 
                                                                               
  Careful presentation of  information  about  per-
Unemployment rate: 8.1% (1990)                                                 
  sons with disabilities  can  help  overcome  neg-
                                                                               
  ative attitudes  and shape  positive  ones.  The
Budget: revenues $105.8 billion; expenditures $131.6 billion,                 
  Standing Committee  on  the  Status  of  Disabled
including capital expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.)                             
  Persons found  in its  report  No  News  is  Bad
                                                                               
  News  that  vocabulary  con  create  perception.
Exports: $126.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990);                                       
  Demeaning, belittling  or  negative  words  are
                                                                               
  a  barrier  to  greater  understanding  and   can
commodities--newsprint, wood pulp, timber, grain, crude petroleum,             
  trivialize genuine  support  given  by  a  commu-
machinery, natural gas, ferrous and nonferrous ores, motor vehicles           
  nity to persons with disabilities.
and parts;                                                                     
 
                                                                               
  Language  use  is  changing  as  persons  with
partners--US, Japan, UK, FRG, other EC, USSR                                   
  disabilities claim their individual  and  collec-
                                                                               
  tive right to participate fully in society.
Imports: $116.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990);                                       
 
                                                                               
  Dated  and  disparaging  words    are    being
commodities--processed foods, beverages, crude petroleum,                     
  replaced  with  precise,   descriptive    terms
chemicals, industrial machinery, motor vehicles and parts, durable             
  which  have  specific  meanings  that  are  not
consumer goods, electronic computers;                                         
  interchangeable.
                                                                               
 
partners--US, Japan, UK, FRG, other EC, Taiwan, South Korea, Mexico           
                          1
                                                                               
 
External debt: $247 billion (1987)                                             
 
                                                                               
 
Industrial production: growth rate - 2.7% (1990); accounts for 34%             
  Persons  with  disabilities  are  asking, just  as
of GDP                                                                         
  women  and minority  groups  are  asking,  that
                                                                               
  the media  use  respectful  terms  in  writing
Electricity: 105,000,000 kW capacity; 500,000 million kWh produced,            
  about them or issues that affect their lives.
18,840 kWh per capita (1990)                                                   
 
                                                                               
  Individuals  with  disabilities  are  working  to
Industries: processed and unprocessed minerals, food products,                 
  achieve  equality, independence  and  full  par-
wood and paper products, transportation equipment, chemicals, fish             
  ticipation in our  society. The  ways  in  which
products, petroleum and natural gas                                           
  issues are reported and the  use  of  proper  ter-
                                                                               
  minology  can  help  persons  with  disabilities
Agriculture: accounts for about 3% of GDP; one of the world's major           
  reach these goals.
producers and exporters of grain (wheat and barley); key source of US         
 
agricultural imports; large forest resources cover 35% of total land           
  P U R P O S E :
area; commercial fisheries provide annual catch of 1.5 million metric         
 
tons, of which 75% is exported                                                 
  This  booklet  suggests  current  and  appropriate
                                                                               
  terminology to  reflect  the increased  participa-
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic                   
  tion  by  Canadians  with  disabilities  in  our
drug market; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant           
  society. This  booklet  is  intended  to  encour-
large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors                             
  age  and  promote  fair  and  accurate  portrayal
                                                                               
  of  persons  with  disabilities. It  is  primarily
Economic aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $7.2                   
  designed  for  print  and  broadcast  media  pro-
billion                                                                       
  fessionals  writing  and  reporting  about  issues
                                                                               
  of concern to persons with disabilities.
Currency: Canadian dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Canadian dollar                 
 
(Can$) = 100 cents                                                             
  C O N T E N T:
                                                                               
 
Exchange rates: Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1--1.1559                       
  This booklet  has  two  sections  and  a  remov-
(January 1991), 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988), 1.3260           
  able  insert.   GENERAL  GUIDELINES  has  infor-
(1987), 1.3895 (1986), 1.3655 (1985)                                           
  mation  on  terminology    and    portrayal    of
                                                                               
  persons with disabilities.
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March                                                 
 
                                                                               
 
COMMUNICATIONS                                                                 
 
Railroads: 93,544 km total; two major transcontinental freight                 
                          2
railway systems--Canadian National (government owned) and Canadian             
 
Pacific Railway; passenger service--VIA (government operated)                 
 
                                                                               
    MEDIA      COVERAGE      OF      PERSONS      WITH
Highways: 884,272 km total; 712,936 km surfaced (250,023 km paved),            
    DISABILITIES deals with  reporting  on  issues  of
171,336 km earth                                                               
    concern  to  persons  with  disabilities.  The
                                                                               
    removable  insert  suggests  appropriate  termi-
Inland waterways: 3,000 km, including Saint Lawrence Seaway                   
    nology.
                                                                               
 
Pipelines: oil, 23,564 km total crude and refined; natural gas,               
    G E N E R A L  G U I D E L I N E S:
74,980 km                                                                     
 
                                                                               
    1. It is  important  to  remember  that  each
Ports: Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick),                 
        word  in  today's  terminology  has  a  pre-
Saint John's (Newfoundland), Toronto, Vancouver                               
        cise  meaning  and that  the  words  are  not
                                                                               
        interchangeable.
Merchant marine: 75 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 532,062                 
 
GRT/727,118 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 5 short-sea passenger, 2               
    2  "Disabled"  and  "handicapped"    are    not
passenger-cargo, 13 cargo, 2 railcar carrier, 1 refrigerated cargo, 8         
        the same thing. A disability  is  a  function-
roll-on/roll-off, 1 container, 27 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)          
        al limitation or restriction of  an  individu-
tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 8 bulk; note--does not       
        al's  ability  to  perform  an  activity.  A
include ships used exclusively in the Great Lakes                             
        "handicap"  is  an  environmental  or  attitu-
                                                                               
        dinal barrier that limits the opportunity  for
Civil air: 636 major transport aircraft; Air Canada is the major               
        a  person  to  participate  fully.  Negative
carrier                                                                       
        attitudes  or  inaccessible  entrances  to
                                                                               
        buildings are examples of handicaps.
Airports: 1,397 total, 1,154 usable; 443 with permanent-surface               
 
runways; 4 with runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 328       
    3  The  word  "disabled"  is  an  adjective, not
with runways 1,220-2,439 m                                                     
        a  noun.  People  are  not  conditions.  Do
                                                                               
        not use  "the  disabled";  use  "persons  with
Telecommunications: excellent service provided by modern media;               
        disabilities".
18.0 million telephones; stations--900 AM, 29 FM, 53 (1,400 repeaters)         
 
TV; 5 coaxial submarine cables; over 300 earth stations operating in           
    4  Focus on the issue rather than the disability.
INTELSAT (including 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and domestic         
        If the disability is not relevant to the story,
systems                                                                       
        it is not necessary to report it.
                                                                               
 
DEFENSE FORCES                                                                 
 
Branches: Canadian Armed Forces (including Mobile Command,                     
                          3
Maritime Command, Air Command, Communications Command, Canadian Forces         
 
Europe, Training Commands), Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)               
 
                                                                               
    5   Try  to  avoid  categorizing  persons  with
Manpower availability: males 15-49, 7,243,909; 6,297,520 fit for               
        disabilities  as  either  super-achievers  or
military service; 188,996 reach military age (17) annually                     
        tragic  figures.  Choose  words  that    are
                                                                               
        non-judgemental,    non-emotional    and     are
Defense expenditures: $11.3 billion, 2% of GDP (FY90)                          
        accurate    descriptions.     Avoid      using
                                                                               
        "brave",  "courageous",  "inspirational"    or

        other similar  words  that  are  routinely  used
        to describe a person with a disability.
 
        Remember  that  the  majority  of    persons
        with  disabilities  are  average  and  typical
        of the rest of the population.
 
        Similarly, references  which  cause  discom-
        fort, quilt, pity or insult, should be  avoided.
        Words like "suffers from      stricken  with",
        "afflicted  by",   "patient",   "disease"    or
        "sick"  suggest  constant  pain  and  a  sense
        of  hopelessness.  While  this  may  be  the
        case for some individuals,  a  disability  is  a
        condition  that  does  not  necessarily  cause
        pain or require medical attention.
 
    6  Avoid  the  use  of  words  such  as  "burden
        "incompetent",     "defective",     "special",
        etc.  which  suggest  that    persons    with
        disabilities should be  treated  differently  or
        be  excluded    from    activities    generally
        available in the community.
 
                          4
 
 
    7  Be particularly  careful  with  terminology
        used  in  headlines.  Remember  that  head-
        lines make the first impression.
 
    8  Refer to technical aids  in  factual, non-
         emotional  terms.  Avoid  prolonged  focus
        on support equipment.
 
    9  Persons with disabilities  are  comfortable
        with  the terminology  used  to  describe
        daily living activities.  Persons  who  use
        wheelchairs go  for  "walks".  people  with
        visual impairments  "see"  what  you  mean,
        etc. A disability may just mean  that  some
        things are  done  in  a  different  manner;
        however, that  does  not  mean  the  words
        used  to  describe  the  activity  must  be
        different.
 
    10  Remember that  although  some  disabilities
        are not visible, it does not mean they  are
        less real. Individuals with invisible  dis-
        abilities such  as  epilepsy, haemophilia,
        mental health, learning,  or  developmental
        disabilities  also  encounter    negative
        attitudes and barriers.
 
                          5
 
 
    M E D I A  C O V E R A G E
    O F  P E R S O N S  W I T H
    D I S A B I L I T I E S
 
      Researching, Writing and Reporting
 
      1    Too often, when a person with  a  disability
            is featured in a story that has several pos-
            sible angles, the human interest story  line
            dominates,  e.g., how  the  individual  has
            overcome great odds.
 
      2    There are few examples  of  in-depth  cover-
            age of issues of  particular  importance  to
            persons with  disabilities  (e.g.,  lack  of
            physical access to  facilities,  employment,
            poverty, etc.).
 
      3    Persons with disabilities are  seldom  asked
            for their  views  on  stories  dealing  with
            transportation,  the  environment,  child
            care, etc.
 
            The media  can  help  create  and  reinforce
            positive  attitudes  towards  persons  with
            disabilities.  Progress  has  been  made  in
            recent years  and  media  professionals  are
            asking  advice  on  how  to  report  on,
            discuss, and write about disability.
 
                          6
 
 
 
    Bridging the Communicutions Gap
 
    Here  are  some  suggestions  to  improve  com-
    munications with persons with disabilities.
 
    1  When talking with a person with a  disability
        speak  directly  to  him/her  rather  than
        through  a  companion  who  may  be  there.
 
    2  Avoid putting persons  with  disabilities  on
        a  pedestal  and  using  patronizing  terms.
        Interview  a  person  with  a  disability  as
        you would any other person.
 
    3  Do not unnecessarily  emphasize  differences.
        Having a "one  of them"  versus a "one of us"
        attitude  only serves  to reinforce barriers.
 
    4  In  visual  treatments  (e.g.,  television,
        photographs),  do  not  dwell  on  technical
        aids  or  adaptive  devices  unless,  of
        course,  the  purpose  is  to  introduce  or
        discuss a particular aid or device.
 
    Following an interview, ask yourself:
 
    1  Am I writing this piece because  it  involves
        a  person with a disability  or  because  the
        issue and  related  circumstances  are  rele-
        vant to the general  population?  If  it  did
        not  involve  a  person  with  a  disability,
        would I still want to write it?
 
                          7
 
 
 
    2  Is  a  reference to a disability necessary to
        the story? If it is, am I using the  correct
        terminology  (e.g.,  "uses  a  wheelchair",
        and not "confined to a wheelchair")?
 
    3  Is  this  piece  accurate  and  unbiased?
        Have I avoided sensationalism?
 
 
 
    C O N C L U S I O N
 
    Journalists  can contribute to  a  more  positive
    and  accurate image  of  persons  with  disabili-
    ties. The information  provided  to  the  general
    public, and  the  ways  in  which  this  informa-
    tion  is  presented,  often  create  a  framework
    for the attitudes people have  and  the  ways  in
    which they interact with  individuals  with  dis-
    abilities. If the coverage of  disability-related
    issues is done in a  non-emotional,  factual  and
    integrative manner,  the  public  will  no  doubt
    begin to  question  the  prejudices  and  stereo-
    types that still exist.
 
                          8
 
 
 
    R E F E R E N C E S :
 
      Editing  Canadian  English.  Prepared  for  the
      Freelance Editors Association of Canada.
 
      Guidelines  for  Reporting  ond  Writing  About
      People with Disabilities.  Archalert, Volume 4,
      No. 7.
 
      No  News  is  Bad  News.  Standing  Committee
      on the Status of  Disabled  Persons,  House  of
      Commons.
 
      Portraying People with  Disabilities.  National
      Easter Seal Society (Chicago, Illinois).
 
      "Watch    Your    Longuoge.    Words    Shape
      Attitudes".  Frances  Strong  (appeared  in  the
      Rehabilitation Digest, winter, 1989).
 
      Word Choices.  A  lexicon  of  preferred  terms
      for  disability  issues.  Office  for  Disabled
      Persons, Government of Ontario.
 
      Words  with  Dignity.  Ontario  March    of
      Dimes.
 
      Worthless or Wonderful:        The      Social
      Stereotyping  of  Persons  with  Disobilities.
      Status  of  Disabled  Persons  Secretariat,
      Department  of  the  Secretary  of  State  of
      Canada.
 
                          9
 
 
 
      O R G A N I Z A T I 0 N S
      C O N S U L T E D
 
      Canadian Association for Community Living
      (CACL)
      4700 Keele Street, Kinsmen Building
      Toronto, Ontario
      M3J 1P3
      (416) 661-9611
 
      Canadian Association of the Deaf (CAD)
      2435 Holly Lane, Suite 205
      Ottawa, Ontario
      KlV 7P2
      (613) 526-4785
 
      Canadian Council of the Blind (CCB)
      396 Cooper Street
      Ottawa, Ontario
      K2P 2H7
      (613) 567-0311
 
      Canadian Hard of Hearing Association
      (CHHA)
      2435 Holly Lane, Suite 205
      Ottawa, Ontario
      KIV 7P2
      VOICE (613) 526-1584,
      TDD (613) 526-2692
 
                        10
 
 
 
 
    Canadian Mental Health Association (CMHA)
    2160 Yonge Street
    Toronto,  Ontario
    M4S 2Z3
    (416) 484-7750
 
    Canadian National Institute for the Blind
    (CNIB)
    1931 Bayview Avenue
    Toronto,  Ontario
    M4G 4C8
    (416) 486-2500
 
    Canadian Paraplegic Association (CPA)
    520 Sutherland Drive
    Toronto,  Ontario
    M4G 3V9
    (416) 391-0203
 
    Coalition of Provincial Organizations
    of the Handicapped (COPOH)
    624-294 Portage Avenue
    Winnipeg, Manitoba
    R3C OB9
    (204) 947-0303
 
    Learning Disabilities Association
    of Canada (LDAC)
    323 Chapel Street
    Ottawa,  Ontario
    KlN 7Z2
    (613) 238-5721
 
                        11
 
 
 
    National People First
    4700 Keele Street, Kinsmen Building
    Toronto, Ontario
    M3J 1P3
    (416) 661-9611
 
    Canadian Deaf and Hard of
    Hearing Forum (CDHHF)
    2435 Holly Lane, Suite 205
    Ottawa, Ontario
    KIV 7P2
    VOICE (613) 526-4867,
    TDD (613) 526-2492
 
    National Educational Association
    of Disabled Students (NEADS)
    4th Level Unicentre
    Carleton University
    Ottawa, Ontario
    K1S 5B6
    (613) 233-5963
 
    One Voice Seniors Network
    350 Sparks Street, Suite 901
    Ottawa, Ontario
    K1R 7S8
    (613) 238-7624
 
                        12
 
 
 
    The Society for Depression and Manic-
    Depression of Manitoba
    4-1 000 Notre-Dame Avenue
    Winnipeg, Manitoba
    R3F 0N3
    (204) 786-0987
 
    Canadian Friends of Schizophrenics
    95 Barber Greene Road, Suite 309
    Don Mills, Ontario
    M3C 3F9
    (416) 445-820A
 
                        13
 
 
 
</pre>
 
for Depression and Manic-
    Depression of Manitoba
    4-1 000 Notre-Dame Avenue
    Winnipeg, Manitoba
    R3F 0N3
    (204) 786-0987
 
    Canadian Friends of Schizophrenics
    95 Barber Greene Road, Suite 309
    Don Mills, Ontario
    M3C 3F9
    (416) 445-820A
 
                        13
 




</pre>
</pre>

Latest revision as of 02:29, 24 September 2023


BBS/canada
File Name: canada.txt
Author: Unknown
Date: Unknown
Posting BBS: Unknown
Key Words: Politics 


CANADA                                                                          
GEOGRAPHY                                                                       
Total area: 9,976,140 km2; land area: 9,220,970 km2                             
                                                                                
Comparative area: slightly larger than US                                       
                                                                                
Land boundaries: 8,893 km with US (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)               
                                                                                
Coastline: 243,791 km                                                           
                                                                                
Maritime claims:                                                                
Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;                   
                                                                                
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;                                                 
                                                                                
Territorial sea: 12 nm                                                          
                                                                                
Disputes: maritime boundary disputes with France (Saint Pierre and              
Miquelon) and US                                                                
                                                                                
Climate: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in              
north                                                                           
                                                                                
Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in                   
southeast                                                                       
                                                                                
Natural resources: nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum,                
potash, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, crude oil, natural gas            
                                                                                
Land use: arable land 5%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and                    
pastures 3%; forest and woodland 35%; other 57%; includes NEGL%                 
irrigated                                                                       
                                                                                
Environment: 80% of population concentrated within 160 km of US                 
border; continuous permafrost in north a serious obstacle to development        
                                                                                
Note: second-largest country in world (after USSR); strategic                   
location between USSR and US via north polar route                              
                                                                                
PEOPLE                                                                          
Population: 26,835,036 (July 1991), growth rate 1.1% (1991)                     
                                                                                
Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1991)                                   
                                                                                
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)                                    
                                                                                
Net migration rate: 5 migrants/1,000 population (1991)                          
                                                                                
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)                        
                                                                                
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 81 years female (1991)                 
                                                                                
Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1991)                            
                                                                                
Nationality: noun--Canadian(s); adjective--Canadian                             
                                                                                
Ethnic divisions: British Isles origin 40%, French origin 27%,                  
other European 20%, indigenous Indian and Eskimo 1.5%                           
                                                                                
Religion: Roman Catholic 46%, United Church 16%, Anglican 10%                   
                                                                                
Language: English and French (both official)                                    
                                                                                
Literacy: 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can                        
read and write (1981 est.)                                                      
                                                                                
Labor force: 13,380,000; services 75%, manufacturing 14%,                       
agriculture 4%, construction 3%, other 4% (1988)                                
                                                                                
Organized labor: 30.6% of labor force; 39.6% of nonagricultural                 
paid workers                                                                    
                                                                                
GOVERNMENT                                                                      
Long-form name: none                                                            
                                                                                
Type: confederation with parliamentary democracy                                
                                                                                
Capital: Ottawa                                                                 
                                                                                
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces and 2 territories*; Alberta,             
British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland,                        
Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island,             
Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*                                          
                                                                                
Independence: 1 July 1867 (from UK)                                             
                                                                                
Constitution: amended British North America Act 1867 patriated to               
Canada 17 April 1982; charter of rights and unwritten customs                   
                                                                                
Legal system: based on English common law, except in Quebec, where              
civil law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ           
jurisdiction, with reservations                                                 
                                                                                
National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July (1867)                                     
                                                                                
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime                      
minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet                                        
                                                                                
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an             
upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or House of Commons             
(Chambre des Communes)                                                          
                                                                                
Judicial branch: Supreme Court                                                  
                                                                                
Leaders:                                                                        
                                                                                
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),                     
represented by Governor General Raymond John HNATSHYN (since 29 January         
1990);                                                                          
                                                                                
Head of Government--Prime Minister (Martin) Brian MULRONEY (since               
4 September 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Donald Frank MAZANKOWSKI (since        
NA June 1986)                                                                   
                                                                                
Political parties and leaders:                                                  
Progressive Conservative, Brian MULRONEY;                                       
Liberal, Jean CHRETIEN;                                                         
New Democratic, Audrey McLAUGHLIN                                               
                                                                                
Suffrage: universal at age 18                                                   
                                                                                
Elections:                                                                      
                                                                                
House of Commons--last held 21 November 1988 (next to be                        
held by November 1993);                                                         
results--Progressive Conservative 43.0%, Liberal 32%,                           
New Democratic Party 20%, other 5%;                                             
seats--(295 total) Progressive Conservative 159, Liberal 80, New                
Democratic Party 44, independent 12                                             
                                                                                
Communists: 3,000                                                               
                                                                                
Member of: ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB,                               
BIS, C, CCC, CDB, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10,       
GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,        
IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,               
LORCS, NATO, NEA, OAS, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP,           
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO,                         
WTO                                                                             
                                                                                
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Derek BURNEY; Chancery at                 
1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202)              
785-1400; there are Canadian Consulates General in Atlanta, Boston,             
Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis,         
New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Seattle;                             
                                                                                
US--Ambassador Edward N. NEY; Embassy at 100 Wellington Street,                 
K1P 5T1, Ottawa (mailing address is P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY              
13669-0430); telephone (613) 248-25256, 25106, 25271, and 25170; there          
are US Consulates General in Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto,       
and Vancouver                                                                   
                                                                                
Flag: three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double                   
width, square), and red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band        
                                                                                
ECONOMY                                                                         
Overview: As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada                  
today closely resembles the US in per capita output, market-oriented            
economic system, and pattern of production. Since World War II the              
impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has         
transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily          
industrial and urban. In the 1980s Canada registered one of the highest         
rates of real growth among the OECD nations, averaging about 3.2%. With         
its great natural resources, skilled labor force, and modern capital            
plant, Canada has excellent economic prospects. In mid-1990, however, the       
long-simmering problems between English- and French-speaking areas              
became so acute that observers spoke openly of a possible split in the          
confederation; foreign investors were becoming edgy.                            
                                                                                
GDP: $516.7 billion, per capita $19,500; real growth rate 0.9%                  
(1990)                                                                          
                                                                                
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.8% (1990)                                   
                                                                                
Unemployment rate: 8.1% (1990)                                                  
                                                                                
Budget: revenues $105.8 billion; expenditures $131.6 billion,                   
including capital expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.)                               
                                                                                
Exports: $126.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990);                                         
                                                                                
commodities--newsprint, wood pulp, timber, grain, crude petroleum,              
machinery, natural gas, ferrous and nonferrous ores, motor vehicles             
and parts;                                                                      
                                                                                
partners--US, Japan, UK, FRG, other EC, USSR                                    
                                                                                
Imports: $116.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990);                                         
                                                                                
commodities--processed foods, beverages, crude petroleum,                       
chemicals, industrial machinery, motor vehicles and parts, durable              
consumer goods, electronic computers;                                           
                                                                                
partners--US, Japan, UK, FRG, other EC, Taiwan, South Korea, Mexico             
                                                                                
External debt: $247 billion (1987)                                              
                                                                                
Industrial production: growth rate - 2.7% (1990); accounts for 34%              
of GDP                                                                          
                                                                                
Electricity: 105,000,000 kW capacity; 500,000 million kWh produced,             
18,840 kWh per capita (1990)                                                    
                                                                                
Industries: processed and unprocessed minerals, food products,                  
wood and paper products, transportation equipment, chemicals, fish              
products, petroleum and natural gas                                             
                                                                                
Agriculture: accounts for about 3% of GDP; one of the world's major             
producers and exporters of grain (wheat and barley); key source of US           
agricultural imports; large forest resources cover 35% of total land            
area; commercial fisheries provide annual catch of 1.5 million metric           
tons, of which 75% is exported                                                  
                                                                                
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic                    
drug market; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant             
large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors                              
                                                                                
Economic aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $7.2                    
billion                                                                         
                                                                                
Currency: Canadian dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Canadian dollar                  
(Can$) = 100 cents                                                              
                                                                                
Exchange rates: Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1--1.1559                        
(January 1991), 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988), 1.3260             
(1987), 1.3895 (1986), 1.3655 (1985)                                            
                                                                                
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March                                                   
                                                                                
COMMUNICATIONS                                                                  
Railroads: 93,544 km total; two major transcontinental freight                  
railway systems--Canadian National (government owned) and Canadian              
Pacific Railway; passenger service--VIA (government operated)                   
                                                                                
Highways: 884,272 km total; 712,936 km surfaced (250,023 km paved),             
171,336 km earth                                                                
                                                                                
Inland waterways: 3,000 km, including Saint Lawrence Seaway                     
                                                                                
Pipelines: oil, 23,564 km total crude and refined; natural gas,                 
74,980 km                                                                       
                                                                                
Ports: Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick),                   
Saint John's (Newfoundland), Toronto, Vancouver                                 
                                                                                
Merchant marine: 75 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 532,062                  
GRT/727,118 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 5 short-sea passenger, 2                 
passenger-cargo, 13 cargo, 2 railcar carrier, 1 refrigerated cargo, 8           
roll-on/roll-off, 1 container, 27 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)         
tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 8 bulk; note--does not         
include ships used exclusively in the Great Lakes                               
                                                                                
Civil air: 636 major transport aircraft; Air Canada is the major                
carrier                                                                         
                                                                                
Airports: 1,397 total, 1,154 usable; 443 with permanent-surface                 
runways; 4 with runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 328        
with runways 1,220-2,439 m                                                      
                                                                                
Telecommunications: excellent service provided by modern media;                 
18.0 million telephones; stations--900 AM, 29 FM, 53 (1,400 repeaters)          
TV; 5 coaxial submarine cables; over 300 earth stations operating in            
INTELSAT (including 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and domestic          
systems                                                                         
                                                                                
DEFENSE FORCES                                                                  
Branches: Canadian Armed Forces (including Mobile Command,                      
Maritime Command, Air Command, Communications Command, Canadian Forces          
Europe, Training Commands), Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)                
                                                                                
Manpower availability: males 15-49, 7,243,909; 6,297,520 fit for                
military service; 188,996 reach military age (17) annually                      
                                                                                
Defense expenditures: $11.3 billion, 2% of GDP (FY90)                           
                                                                                

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