Richard B. Spence
From KB42
Richard B. Spence
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Historian Richard B. Spence of the University of Idaho offered a similar three-pronged definition:
- The group's existence is usually not kept secret, but some beliefs or practices are concealed from the public and require an oath of secrecy and loyalty to learn.
- The group promises superior status or knowledge to members.
- The group's membership is in some way restrictive, such as by race, sex, religious affiliation, or invitation only.
