Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual/Interpreters

INTRODUCTION

THERE WILL BE- MANY OCCASIONS WHEN BORDER CRQSSERS, REFUGEES. PRISONERS OF WAR, SUSPECTED AGENTS, OR OTHER POTENTIAL SUBJECTS FOR M QUESTIONING” WILL NOT SPEAK YOUR NATIVE LANGUAGE. THEREFORE. THE USE OF AN INTERPRETER MAY BE ESSENTIAL TO SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETE AN EXPLOITATION.

WHEN USED PROPERLY, AN INTERPRETER CAN BE YOUR KEY ASSISTANT IN PERFORMING YOUR DUTIES AND A CONTROL TO HELP YOU AVOID VIOLATING CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS.

HOWEVER, PLEASE KEEP IN MIND THAT THE USE*'OF AN INTERPRETER MUST NEVER BE CONSIDERED A SATISFACTORY SUBSTITUTE FOR DIRECT COMMUNICATION BETWEEN YOU AND THE SUBJECT.

DIFFICULTIES Z< LIMITATIONS

A; THE AMOUNT OF TIME REQUIRED TO CONDUCT THE “QUESTIONING” WILL MORE THAN DOUBLE.

B. YOU WILL EXPERIENCE CONSIDERABLE DIFFICULTY IN TRYING TO ESTABLISH RAPPORT WITH THE SUBJECT BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF PERSONAL CONTACT, THAT IS, NOT BEING ABLE TO SPEAK DIRECTLY TO THE INDIVIDUAL.

C- IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO USE CERTAIN “QUESTIONING" TECHNIQUES, SUCH AS RAPID FIRE QUESTIONING, WHEN USING AN INTERPRETER-

'v

D- CERTAIN MEANINGS, TONAL INFLECTIONS, AND EXPRESSIONS ARE ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO CONVEY TO THE SUBJECT THROUGH AN INTERPRETER. THIS INCREASES THE POSSIBILITY OF MISUNDERSTANDINGS.

E. THE PRESENCE OF AN INTERPRETER MAY CAUSE AN OTHERWISE COOPERATIVE SUBJECT TO WITHHOLD .INFORMATION DURING THE "QUESTIONING". SOME SUBJECTS ARE WILLING TO GIVE INFORMATION ONLY IF THEY CAN BE SURE THAT THEIR OWN FORCES WILL NOT FIND 'OUT THAT- THEY TALKED, THAT THERE WILL BE NO RETRIBUTION. THE PRESENCE OF ANY THIRD PARTY AT THE "QUESTIONING", EVEN AN INTERPRETER, MAY CAUSE THE SUBJECT TO DOUBT THIS ASSURANCE.

F. THERE IS A SECURITY RISK POSED BECAUSE THE INTERPRETER IS JUST ONE MORE INDIVIDUAL TO BECOME AWARE OF INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS, AND HE WILL OBTAIN CONSIDERABLE INFORMATION OF A CLASSIFIED NATURE DURING THE COURSE OF THE "QUESTIONING".

SELECTION OF INTERPRETERS

FROM a SECURITY STANDPOINT, INTERPRETERS SHOULD BE SELECTED FROM YOUR OWN SERVICES, OR AT LEAST YOUR NATIONALITY, IF AT ALL POSSIBLE- IN SOME INSTANCES HOWEVER, it WILL BE NECESSARY TO HIRE OR USE FOREIGNERS FOR THIS PURPOSE- LET'S DISCUSS SOME OF

THE FACTORS WHICH MUST BE CONSIDERED WHEN SELECTING AN INTERPRETER-

A. SECURITY CLEARANCE

IT IS IMPORTANT THAT AN INTERPRETER HAVE A SECURITY CLEARANCE BECAUSE OF THE OPPOSITION'S CONTINUED EFFORTS TO PENETRATE' YOUR ORGANIZATION AND LEARN YOUR INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS.

B. LANGUAGE CAPABILITY

HE SHOULD BE COMPLETELY FLUENT IN YOUR LANGUAGE AS WELL AS THE LANGUAGE OF THE SUBJECT. THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT IN BOTH SPEAKING THESE LANGUAGES AND WRITING THEM.

C. PERSONALITY

WHENEVER POSSIBLE. THE PERSONALITY OF THE INTERPRETER SHOULD BE THE SAME OR NEARLY THE SAME AS YOURS. THIS WILL OFTEN COME ABOUT AS THE TWO OF YOU WORK TOGETHER MORE AND MORE OFTEN. IF THERE ARE SERIOUS PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO OF YOU. YOU SHOULD GET ANOTHER INTERPRETER.

THE INTERPRETER SHOULD BE ABLE TO ADJUST HIS PERSONALITY TO THAT OF THE SUBJECT, AND TO THE "QUESTIONING" TECHNIQUES BEING USED.

SOCIAL STATUS

THIS. IS ALWAYS A CONSIDERATION IN THOSE COUNTRIES IN WHICH SOCIAL STATUS EXISTS. IN A LIAISON SITUATION BE SURE THE INTERPRETER HAS THE SOCIAL STATURE FOR CONTACT WITH THE OFFICIALS WITH WHOM HE WILL BE TALKING.

4

DURING THE "QUESTIONING" Of A SUBJECT IN WHICH A DIFFERENCE OF CLASSES MAY EXIST BETWEEN THE SUBJECT AND THE INTERPRETER, ' YOU MUST MAKE IT CLEAR TO THE SUBJECT THAT THE CONVERSATION IS "STRICTLY BETWEEN THE TWO OF YOU, THAT THE INTERPRETER IS SIMPLY A DEVICE FOR CONVERTING THE LANGUAGE.

IN CERTAIN SOCIETIES WOMEN ARE OFTEN VIEWED AS HAVING INFERIOR SOCIAL STATUS AND USING A FEMALE INTERPRETER MAY NOT BE ADVISABLE IN CASES WHERE A MAN IS BEING "QUESTIONED".

THE CHANGE IN TONAL INFLECTIONS AS A FEMALE. INTERPRETS THE QUESTIONS OF A MALE "QUESTIONER" CAUSES THE EFFECT TO BE LOSS DURING TRANSLATION. ACCORDING TO PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS, MEN AND WOMEN BOTH RESPOND BETTER TO QUESTIONING BY A MALE.

SOURCES OR INTERPRETERS

1. MOST SECURITY SERVICES ALREADY HAVE EXISTING INTERPRETER POOLS FROM WHICH YOU can SELECT SOMEONE WHO MEETS YOUR REQUIREMENTS.

LC^TOlW^ THAT YOU FULLY UNDERSTAND WHY THE OTHER OFFICER IS WILLING TO RELEASE HIM, AND THE OTHER OFFICER UNDERSTAND THAT THERE ARE TO BE NO RESIDUAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THEM,

K'LTHgWJU'W THAT NO TWO OFFICERS WILL USE AN INTERPRETER IN EXACTLY THE SAME FASHION,

iAOitTI TAT YOU PLAN TO CHANGE ANY OF HIS HABITS WHICH YOU CONSIDER UNDESIREABLE,

3. IT MAY BE NECESSARY TO USE AN INTERPRETER FROM A SOURCE OUTSIDE YOUR OWN SERVICE. EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES ARE AN EXCELLENT SOURCE FOR NEW TALENT.

GENERAL SUGGESTIONS

1. until you have several leads before INTERVIEWING ANY CANDIDATES.

2. interview all serious candidates.

3. run traces on all candidates, through both YOUR OWN AND LIAISON SERVICES.

4 REVIEW ALL PERSONNEL FILES THOROUGHLY ON fach candidate, including 'anv PERFORMANCE reports

5. lay OUT ALL GROUND RULES AT THE TIME OF RECRUITMENT. BE SURE HE UNDERSTANDS ALL CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT. SUCH AS SALARY AND BENEFITS. AND WHAT HE WILL OR WILL NOT BE entitled to.

6. Have all understandings insofar as possible, have IN WRITING.

7 . BE ESPECIALLY WATCHFUL FOR ATTEMPTS TO penetrate your office.

- Return to E. 2., P* c ^

TRAINING OF INTERPRETERS

A- ESTABLISH YOUR AUTHORITY AS SOON A S POSSIBLE AND BE SURE THE INTERPRETER UNDERSTANDS THE LIMITS OF HIS AUTHORITY- YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR INSTRUCTING THE INTERPRETER IN HIS DUTIES, THE STANDARDS OF CONDUCT '• EXPECTED FROM HIM, THE TECHNIQUES TO BE USED DURING “QUESTIONING*' , AND ANY OTHER REQUIREMENTS WHICH YOU CONSIDER NECESSARY.

B- DETERMINE HIS CURRENT LEVEL OF TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE, NOTING ANY . UNDESIREABLE CHARACTERISTICS OR HABITS. NOTIFY HIM FIRMLY OF ANY CHARACTERISTICS YOU WANT CHANGED AND HOW TO DO IT.

IF POSSIBLE, HAVE A NEW INTERPRETER UNDERSTUDY ONE WHO IS ALREADY PROFICIENT, OR AT LEAST; AFFORD HIM THE OPPORTUNITY TO PRACTICE SKILLS LEARNED UNDER SUPERVISION.

C. ACCURACY OF TRANSLATIONS SHOULD BE STRESSED. HE MUST REALIZE THAT IF HE DOES NOT UNDERSTAND WHAT YOU ARE TRYING TO SAY, HE SHOULD NOT TRY TO FAKE IT. BUT SHOULD FIRST DISCUSS IT WITH YOU BEFORE INTERPRETING.

HE SHOULD BE MADE TO UNDERSTAND THAT HE IS YOUR "RIGHT HAND" OR "MOUTHPIECE" AND IS IND I SPENS I BLE TO THE "QUESTIONING". HOWEVER, HE MUST BE CAUTIONED NOT TO INTERJECT HIS OWN IDEAS INTO THE "QUESTIONING". HE SHOULD TRANSLATE DIRECTLY ANY STATEMENTS MADE BY YOU THE SUBJECT.

HE SHOULD AVOID SUCH EXPRESSIONS AS "HE WANTS TO - know if you....- or -he SAID TO TELL YOU THAT....-,

ETC.

D. PERIODIC TESTING AND EVALUATION OF THE INTERPRETER SHOULD BE CONDUCTED THROUGH TAPES OR WRITING. THIS SHOULD BE DONE WITHOUT HIS KNOWING THAT HE IS BEING EVALUATED.

E. SPECIAL ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THE

DEVELOPMENT -OF LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY IN THE TECHNICAL.

FIELDS IN WHICH THE INTERPRETER WILL BE USED. THE USE

%

OF TECHNICAL TERMS WILL GREATLY INCREASE THE COMPLEXITY OF THE QUESTIONS ASKED AND ANSWERS GIVEN- THEREFORE. THE INTERPRETER MUST UNDERSTAND THE SUBJECT NATTER almost as well as YOU DO.

p. MAKE IT CLEAR TO THE INTERPRETER THAT THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF INFORMATION OBTAINED DURING THE "QUESTIONING” WILL DEPEND UPON HIS ABILITY AS AN INTERPRETER.

USE OF INTERPRETERS

THE PROCEDURES TO BE USED DURING "QUESTIONING" MUST BE ADAPTED TO THE USE OF AN INTERPRETER. SOME OF THESE ADAPTATIONS NEED ONLY BE CONSIDERED THE FIRST TIME YOU USE A PARTICULAR INTERPRETER. THEY DO NOT NEED TO BE RECONSIDERED IF THE TWO OF YOU CONSTANTLY WORK

TOGETHER AS A TEAM.

PLANNING AND PREPARATION

ALWAYS THOROUGHLY BRIEF THE INTERPRETER ON ANY AND ALL INFORMATION AVAILABLE REGARDING THE SUBJECT AND THE OBJECTIVES OF THE “QUESTIONING" -

PRIOR TO THE START OF THE "QUESTIONING", THE INTERPRETER SHOULD BE GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY TO CONDUCT ANY NECESSARY RESEARCH CONCERNING TECHNICAL OR PROFESSIONAL TERMS TO BE USED DURING THE “QUESTIONING" . IN SOME CASES IT WILL BE NECESSARY FOR YOU TO PROVIDE HIM WITH A PRECISE DEFINITION OF THE TERMS YOU PLAN TO USE TO ENSURE A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING BY THE INTERPRETER-

PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENTS

INSTRUCT THE INTERPRETER ON THE PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE "QUESTIONING". HE SHOULD SEE THE ACTUAL FACILITIES TO BE USED AND SHOULD KNOW EXACTLY WHERE HIS PHYSICAL POSITION WILL BE IN RELATION TO YOU AND THE SUBJECT. THE MOST DESIREABLE ARRANGEMENT IS FOR YOU AND THE SUBJECT TO FACE EACH OTHER ACROSS OPPOSITE SIDES OF A TABLE WITH THE INTERPRETER LOCATED AT ONE END OF

THE TABLE.

C- 24

C-24

C. METHOD OF INTERPRETATION

SELECT THE METHOD OF INTERPRETATION TO BE USED DURING THE "QUESTIONING**, THAT IS, EITHER THE ALTERNATE GR THE SIMULTANEOUS METHOD- THIS CHOICE SHOULD BE BASED UPON YOUR EVALUATION OF THE INTERPRETER'S ABILITY AND PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS. EACH METHOD HAS CERTAIN ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WHICH YOU SHOULD BE AWARE.

ALTERNATE METHOD

IN THIS METHOD, YOU SPEAK ENTIRE THOUGHTS, SENTENCES, AND SOMETIMES EVEN PARAGRAPHS , AND THEN WAIT FOR THE INTERPRETER TO TRANSLATE ALL THAT HAS BEEN SAID. THIS REQUIRES THE INTERPRETER TO HAVE AN EXCEPTIONALLY GOOD MEMORY BUT DOES ALLOW HIM TO REPHRASE STATEMENTS TO

t

ENSURE BETTER UNDERSTANDING IN THE SECOND

LANGUAGE. THIS IS IMPORTANT WHEN THE SENTENCE STRUCTURE OF THE SUBJECT'S LANGUAGE DIFFERS- FROM THAT OF YOUR OWN LANGUAGE.

THE ALTERNATE METHOD HAS THE DISADVANTAGE OF MAKING THE INTERPRETER'S PRESENCE MORE EVIDENT OR OBVIOUS. THIS TENDS TO BREAK DOWN THE EYE-TO-EYE CONTACT THAT IS DESIRED BETWEEN YOU AND THE

. SUBJECT.

S I MULT ANEQUS METHOD

7n~this"«ethod ? THE interpreter translates your

WORDS AS YOU ARE SPEAKING, KEEPING UP WITH YOU AS CLOSELY AS POSSIBLE, USUALLY ONLY A FEW WORDS OR A PHRASE BEHIND. THIS ALLOWS HIM TO MORE ACCURATELY CONVEY -THE EXACT RENTAL ATTITUDE AND FINE SHADES OF MEANING WHICH YOU QR THE SUBJECT ARE TRYING TO EXPRESS. BECAUSE THERE ARE NO LONG PAUSES DURING, WHICH YOU OR THE SUBJECT ARE NOT INVOLVED, THIS METHOD PROMOTES ATTENTIVE LISTENING AND INCREASES THE RAPPORT BETWEEN YOU AND THE SUBJECT .

THE SIMULTANEOUS METHOD HAS THE DISADVANTAGE OF GREATER CHANCE OF ERROR DURING INTERPRETING, ESPECIALLY WHERE THERE IS A DIFFERENCE IN SENTENCE STRUCTURE BETWEEN THE TWO LANGUAGES. IT ALSO REQUIRES A VERY HIGH DEGREE OF PROFICIENCY

IN BOTH LANGUAGES.-

-25

O.

techniques to be US ^ D

7^77^™^* o, THE MANNER «N WHICH THE "QUESTIONING" IB TO TAKE PEACE AND TECHH.OUES TO BE USED. IF POSSIBLE, YOU SHOULD PRACTICE- . ^

HITH him under conditions as close to the real

i cvtct DURING THE ACTUAL CONDITIONS WHICH WILL EXIST DURI^-

•'QUESTIONING*'-

burins your initial contact WITH the subject, you

SHOULD' INFORM- HIM^AS TO THE ROLE THE INTERPRETER

WILL PLAY OURING THE -QUESTIONING", WHICH IS SIMPLY TO GIVE AN ACCURATE TRANSLATION OF EVERYTHING SAID BETWEEN YOU AND THE SUBJECT.

AT THIS TIME, INSTRUCT THE SUBJECT TO SPEAK • DIRECTLY TO YOU - NOT TO THE INTERPRETER, AND WHILE SPEAKING, TO LOOK DIRECTLY AT YOU - NOT AT

THE INTERPRETER-

INSTRUCT THE SUBJECT TO USE SIMPLE DIRECT . LANGUAGE AND TO AVOID USING PHRASES SUOI AS "TELL him THAT...." or -I WOULD LIKE TO HAVE YOU/SAY

THAT

C-26

E-

vl

recqrdi ng and R£PO RTIN ^

- you in preparing

lN TERPRET£R SHOULD ASSIST YOU

THE record and report of the questioning,

WILL TNSURE THAT THERE NO I SUNDERST AND I NGS ■

bccurately assessed his psychological state of

mMD . IF T^UE ABE TO BE ADDITIONAL

n JC vnn CA M NOW PROPERLY “ QUEST I ON I NG" SESSIONS, YOU

rn take advantage of the ■ TAILOR. YOUR technique to take

SUBJECT'S PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE.

SUMMARY „ THE DIFFERENCE

-UR IKTERPRerEB CAN. SPELL

^, fll pc IF YOU MUST USE aw BETWEEN SUCCESS AND FAILURE.

USE HIM PROPERLY. CONSIDER

t nterpreter , USE • ■ ^ him well,

requirements, take CARE IN selection.

flN0 USE THE CORRECT TECHNIQUES.

ooptfr in a CLASSROOM situation, if U HEN USING AN INTER IN TERPRETER MUST WORK

— rsf/C TWO INSTRUCTORS, THE INlt

THERE ARE > w , , rT noc; THE

TWICE AS HARO. IF THERE ARE THREE INSTR^ORS. INTERPRETER HUST WORK THREE TINES AS HAR

• BADLY THE INSTRUCTOR EXPRESSES H1HSELF.

no hatter HOW badly the

the interpreter ALWAYS hakes hih sound